Women in Art Essay -- Arts Females Gender Artistic Painting Essays

Women in Art Throughout history many artistic works have been deemed "great" and many individuals have been labeled "masters" of the discipline. The question of who creates art and how is it to be classified as great or greater than another has commonly been addressed by scholars and historians. The last quarter of the 20th century has reexamined these questions based on the assertions that no women artists have ever created or been appreciated to the level of "greatness" that perpetually befalls their male counterparts. The position that society has institutionalized on women as unable to be anything but subordinate and unexpressive is a major contributor to this claim. Giving a brief history of gender discrimination in the art field, examining different theories in regard to why women have been excluded from art history throughout the ages, and finally, discussing the contributions and progress that women artists and historians have achieved in the past two decades, will help to better under stand the complexity and significance of women artists. The early years of the 1990's mark the 20th anniversary of the women's movement in art. The exact date of the movement can not be ascertained due to the fact that there was such an immense number of things happening for the Women's Liberation movement at that time. Nevertheless, the achievements of the 1970's women's art movement were enormous and it is one of the most influential movements of that decade. Twenty years later, the struggle for representation in the arts continues. In 1990, a U.S. study was conducted on Gender Discrimination in the Artfield. The results are as follows: 50.7% of all visual artists are female and women hold 53.1% of the degrees in art,... ...Feminist Art. Harry N. Abrams, Inc, 1994. Chadwick, Whitney. Women, Art, and Society (revised edition). Thames and Hudson Inc., 1996. Freud, Sigmund. "Femininity." Feminist Frameworks. Ed. Jaggar and Rothenberd. McGraw-Hill, 1978. 91-98. Morse, Marcia. "Feminist Aesthetics and the Spectrum of Gender." Philosophy East & West 42(April 1992) 287-289. Nochlin, Linda. "Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?" (1971). In Women, Art, and Power, and Other Essays. Harper & Row, 1988. Portwood, Pamela. "Feminist Views; Schapiro helps female artists shed their cloaks of anonymity." The Arizona Daily Star. 19 Feb, 1999. Starlight 6E. Strawter, Lisa Marie. "Facts About Women in the Arts: Women Artists Archive" [Online] Available. http://libweb.sonoma.edu/special/waa/, (accessed April 19, 1999).

Lost and Sex and The City Essay

By choosing any two programmes that you are familiar with describe and discuss what the term ‘Quality Television’ means. Quality television refers to the development and rise of quality television drama. The term ‘quality television’ however mostly refers to the emergence of quality broadcasters’ they themselves use to describe a genre/style of television programming that they argue is of higher quality than other genres. ‘Television is for appearing on, not looking at.’ (Coward, 1993: 436) They are referring to the kinds of programmes that are perceived as more expensively produced and, especially more culturally worthwhile, due to their subject matter or content. In the history of ‘quality’ television, it presents a daunting set of challenges. There is no central register of quality programming quality style is defined by depth and warmth of its characters and the use of self reflexivity and the notion that the writers and viewers enjoyed an unusual degree of freedom. The term also associates mostly on the issue of gender representation. In this essay I will discuss television shows, Lost and Sex and The City and how they have both proved great quality television through their success and interesting storylines. (Jancovich, Mark, Lyons, James, Quality Popular Television, 2003) The complex characters, settings and dilemmas are what make good quality television. This brings me to Lost. Lost is an American television drama that follows the survivors of a plane crash that end up on a mysterious island. Each episode typically features what happens on the island as well as a secondary storyline of the characters lives. Most of the characters in Lost are driven to reconcile a patriarchal crisis; Jack must resolve an ‘Oedipal’ conflict with his alcoholic father, John Locke must redeem his masculinity and after being manipulated by his father and rebuild his disabled body and Kate and Sawyer are repetitively haunted by their fathers and dark pasts. The whole island is an experimental site, emphasizing the constant distress of mystery that the island holds and the unknowing. Within this, each episode continues a story about each character, most encountering their violent fathers and how this will shape the collective islands culture. In one particular episode, ‘The 23rd Psalm’, flashbacks consist between Nigeria, the present day and a Nigerian beechcraft airplane that crashed on the island. ‘Mr Eko’ becomes aware that drug addict ‘Charlie’ has possession of a heroin filled Virgin Mary statue that he realizes has a connection to his own past. After discovering the plane on the island, Eko finds his brothers corpse along with it. The episode has an overall theme of redemption of Mr Eko’s religious leanings that have created a major turn in his life. This also challenges our assumptions about coincidence and fate and how the overall series depicts spirituality and realism through the characters pasts. (www.uk.tv.ign.com/artcicles/101/1011812p1.html) The director, ‘JJ Abrams’, creates strong character development and long term plotting which is why the Lost series remained so strong and captivating for audiences. The fact that people were being forced to live together and survive, made it interesting to watch because relationships were created very fast and viewers wanted to see love, fights and dramas as well as action and supernatural happenings on the island. In the first pilot episode of Lost, the first scene shows an eye close-up and character ‘Jack Shephard’ as he awakens in a jungle and notices a yellow Labrador retriever darting through the forest. He then runs through the jungle to a beach where he is faced with the disaster of the plane crash and people fighting for survival. Quality TV dramas are what make audiences want to keep watching and Lost is a great example of this because in the very first scene, viewers are already given that mind blowing experience and the drive to keep watching. The characters are also faced with the unraveling of the islands mystery and the motives of the unknown ‘Others’ who may also inhabit the island. The series tracks two major, interconnected themes; first, the struggles to survive and live together on the island and second, the lives of the fourteen main characters before the crash which is retold through flashbacks. It doesn’t follow the stereotypical television back story and allows viewers to become connected with the characters, their secrets and motivations. Jack is a doctor becomes the leader of the group; helping Charlie kicks his drug addiction and encourages ‘Shannon’ to pursue her relationship with ‘Syid’. Jack is seen at the very beginning of the series and in the last episode in the last scene where it re creates the first scene again only in a different context. The way Lost starts off, during; with all the inconceivable and unthinkable story lines, makes it so mesmerizing for audiences. After six seasons of plot twists, there was a completely thrilling but not entirely logical finale. Audiences across the world became worried about what Lost would end like and how everything could be explained because of its constant complexity. Lost is full of mind puzzling and gripping drama that has become a huge success through its mind blowing performances. (www.tv.com/shows/lost) Another American quality TV show is Sex and The City. Broadcast from 1998 until 2004, the comedy-drama series follows the lives of a group of four women; three in their mid thirties and one in her forties and throughout their different natures and constant changing sex lives, they remain great friends with high confidence. Sex and The City becomes quality television through the continual of its quirky storylines and modern social issues that explore the differences between friendships, relationships and revolves around femininity. The main character ‘Carrie Bradshaw’ is the narrator of each episode which is structured through her train of thoughts. Throughout the entire series, Carrie is entangled with her on and off relationship with ‘Mr Big’ and whose name eventually is revealed to be John Preston. Each character has their own individual unique personalities which female audiences can relate to and connect with. Sex and The City has proven to be one of the most successful and controversial television programmes of the last decade. In transforms the idea of the incisive widow into the life of the single urban female and emphasizes an upper class life. It also presents sophistication and yet, much of the generic and stylistic conventions, are by no means new to this specific show. (LeMay, Matt, Sex and the City and the Discourse of Quality Television: 2) ‘Once upon a time on a small island not too far away, there lived four smart, beautiful women who were all very good friends’. (LeMay, Matt, Sex and the City and the Discourse of Quality Television: 2) This quote already establishes the genre of the show and the kind of characters the audience may expect to see. Much of the criticism both positive and negative, show degrees of realism which suggests how they are entwined in the history of industry and market standards of quality television and determines gender and class. Many other dramas can be traced back to earlier ‘realist’ family sitcoms and still remain relevant to contemporary quality television such as Sex and The City. There is a particular emphasis on self reflectivity and the program’s representations and intersexuality. Through Sex and the City, the relation to feminism and sexual taboos positions itself in the history of television. Intersexuality occurs through the importance and real-life impact of the cultural phenomenon called ‘Sex and the City’. (Akass, Kim, McCabe, Janet, Reading sex and the city. London: I.B. Tauris, 2004) In conclusion, the serve to clearly set out the intended debate and issue of ‘Quality TV’, is the way in which critics and audiences currently define it and supplying a broad overview of the critical contentiousness of quality TV as a collective term. Quality Television is about captivating storylines, unique characters and enabling viewers to want to watch excellent programming. Within this, audiences are able to connect with the show through the interesting structures that are included in them. Bibliography Books: Jancovich, Mark, Lyons, James, Quality Popular Television, 2003) McCabe, Janet, Akass, Kim, Contemporary American Television and Beyond, 2007) Akass, Kim, McCabe, Janet, Reading sex and the city. London: I.B. Tauris, 2004 Articles: (LeMay, Matt, Sex and the City and the Discourse of Quality Television: 2) Websites: www.uk.tv.ign.com/artcicles/101/1011812p1.html www.tv.com/shows/lost

Lm of Finance - 1012 Words

1.0 INTRODUCTION The misc shipping line is a large company. Company is preferred provider maritime transportation and logistics services. It made in 1968 to become integrated maritime, offshore floating solution, heavy engineering and logistics service provider. This made misc become a subsidiary of PETRONAS in 1988, a move that produced synergistic benefits especially in the field of oil and gas transportation. Misc also is the world leading LNG owner operator with over two decades of proven experience for safely, reliability. They are forging partnerships in technologies advancement to offer LNG technology solution and new offshore applications. The company misc is a currently third largest shipping conglomerate in the world by market†¦show more content†¦1.1.5 Integrated logistics Business MISC Integrated Logistics Sdn Bhd (MILS) integrates logistics services, which include Freight Management, Transportation, Warehousing, Project Logistics, Supply Chain Management and other value-added activities to meet the local, regional and global customers’ demand. They have invested in a 39-acre world-class logistics facility in Pulau Indah, Selangor that delivers a comprehensive range of logistics solutions outside the port boundary for Free Commercial Zone, equipped with a state-of-the-art dry and cold storage facility. The hub aims to facilitate the global supply chain through regional consolidation and distribution concept. MILS Logistics Hub (MLH) was awarded the first Halal Logistics Facility in Malaysia in March 2009 by the Halal Development Corporation (HDC). 1.1.6 Marine and Heavy Engineering The Malaysia Marine and Heavy Engineering Sdn Bhd (MMHE), provides a wide spectrum of oil and gas production facilities and services in marine repair, marine conversion and engineering amp; construction. 1.1.7 Maritime Education Akademi Laut Malaysia(ALAM) is the nerve centre and they also premier training institution for an exciting and explorative maritime career. ALAM has trained thousands of Malaysians, through a structured training and education system unique to the Academy in over 30 years. ALAM have goodShow MoreRelatedTaking a Look at Quantitative Easing1043 Words   |  4 PagesSecond, it will explain how QE work. Third, it will conclude if QE were effective or not. To question whether QE were effective or not it will use the American economy. This paper will illustrate liquidity trap and QE by using the models: MS-MD, IS-LM and AS-AD. Liquidity trap is when short-term interest rate on short-term bonds falls close to zero or zero and OMO has no affect on the interest rate. When the interest rate are close or at zero, the demand curve is flat or very elastic, so an increaseRead MoreHicks And The Is Lm Curve1298 Words   |  6 PagesDan Hill AAEC 8210 December 1st, 2015 Hicks and the IS-LM Curve While J.R. Hicks received the Nobel Prize for many of his accomplishments in both macroeconomic and microeconomic research, his development of what he then called the SI-LL model, but is now more famously known as the IS-LM model, was one of his greatest feats. The IS-LM model was Hicks’ reduction of aggregate demand analysis done by John Maynard Keynes in his book titled The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money publishedRead MoreEssay about Monetarist and New Classical theories1452 Words   |  6 Pagesgrowth are for policymakers to create incentives that raise private saving or to run a larger government surplus (or smaller deficit) . Deficits that raise the future level of the public debt create a burden on future generations if the deficits finance government consumption expenditures that yield no future benefits to balance the burden of taxes required to pay the interest on the debt (Case, 2009). By looking at the blow on national saving as a percent of GDP; we are able to ignore the multiplierRead MoreThe Health Of The Current U.s. Economy884 Words   |  4 Pageseconomy, where there is no central authority directing people what to produce or where to ship it. So, what are the implications and likely economic consequences of an interest rate hike using the IS-LM model in a closed economy and a basic market for loanable funds? Closed economy IS-LM analysis: The IS-LM model focuses on the equilibrium of the goods market and the money market. In other words, it shows the relationship between real output and interest rates. In a closed economy, most of the goodsRead MoreSol Drescher1185 Words   |  5 Pagesheld constant. A) rise; LM; right B) rise; IS; right C) fall; LM; left D) fall; IS; left 2 An autonomous depreciation of the U.S. dollar makes American goods ________ relative to foreign goods and results in a ________ in U.S. net exports, everything else held constant. 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(7) 3.3) Globalization of Finance- The World Bank comprising of 5 associations, have primarily objective of giving financial aid to peripheral nations while concentrating on technology health, education, sanitation and development of SME’s in order to increase international tradeRead MoreArticle Line Management Competence : The Key For Preventing And Reducing Stress At Work960 Words   |  4 Pagesresponsibility of this program fell on Human Resource Department (HR) and Line manager (LM) of the company. Both the HR and LM was trained first to relay information to employees. To make sure this program would be valuable to employees the HR implemented the policies to ensure a healthy and stress free environment. The LM responsibility was to implement the policies set in place. According to (Donaldson et al., 2008), HSE and LM, the role of the manger was: â€Å"prevent stress by the way they behave towards theirRead MoreDeveloping An Improvement Plan And Negotiating Skills1665 Words   |  7 PagesSarah are starting up a new clinical research organization. They need to determine the best approach for implementing a learning management system (LMS) into their new company. Documentation of training is imperative for compliance of regulatory guidelines in this industry. Mary would like to outsource this task to a company that specializes in LMS. Sarah would like to keep this in-house. Sarah asks Mary her reasoning for wanting this task to be outsourced. Mary is concerned if this task isRead MoreEc 301 midterm1167 Words   |  5 Pages(ceteris paribus) would shift the LM function to the right. Include in your discussion whether the variable would have to increase or decrease to cause the rightward LM shift. Discuss which of these the FED exercises control over. a. MS. b. MD (money demand). c. P (price index). The fed exercises control over the MS and the increase of money in the system can shift the LM to the right. The same can be said of the money demand, a reduced demand will push the LM to the right. A higher priceRead MoreFiscal Policy as an Economic Stabilization Measure1604 Words   |  7 PagesShowing the COE with the help of IS – LM curves: In an economy with unemployed resources there will not be full crowding out because the LM schedule would then not be vertical. A fiscal expansion will raise the ROI, but income will also rise. Crowding out therefore becomes a matter of degree. The increase in aggregate demand raises income. With the rise in income, the level of saving rises. This expansion in saving, in turn, makes it possible to finance a larger budget deficit without completely

Italian Interrogatives (Pronomi Interrogativi)

In the Italian language, questions beginning with an interrogative word, the subject is usually placed at the end of the sentence. Quando guarda la TV Michele?  (When does Michael watch TV?) Prepositions such as  a, di, con,  and  per  always precede the interrogative  chi. In Italian, a question never ends with a preposition. A chi scrivono?  (To whom are they writing?)Di chi à ¨ questa chiave?  (Whose key is this?)Con chi uscite stasera?  (Who(m) are you going out with tonight?) Che  and  cosa  are abbreviated forms of  che cosa. The forms are interchangeable. Che cosa bevi?  (What are you drinking?)Che dici?  (What are you saying?)Cosa fanno i bambini?  (What are the children doing?) As with all adjectives, the interrogative adjectives agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify, except for  che, which is invariable. Quali parole ricordi?  (Which words do you remember?)Che libri leggi?  (What books do you read?)Quante ragazze vengono?  (How many girls are coming?) Che cos’à ¨...?  (Che cosa à ¨, cos’à ¨) expresses English  What is...?  in a request for a definition or an explanation. Che cos’à ¨ la semiotica?  (What is semiotics?) Qual à ¨ expresses  What is...?  when the answer involves a choice, or when one requests information such as a name, telephone number, or address. Qual à ¨ la tua materia preferita?  (What’s your favorite subject?)Qual à ¨ il numero di Roberto?  (What is Roberto’s number?) Interrogative Pronouns CHI? Who? Whom? Chi sei? CHE COSA? What? Cosa dici? QUALE? Which (one/s)? Quale giornale vuoi? Interrogative Adjectives CHE? (inv.) What? What kind of? Che macchina ha? QUALE? (pl. QUALI) Which? Quali libri leggete? QUANTO/A/I/E? How much? How many? Quanta pazienza avete? Interrogative Adverbs COME + È?*(inv.) How? Come sta Giancarlo? DOVE + È?* Where? Dov’à ¨ la biblioteca? PERCHÉ? Why? Perchà © non dormono? QUANDO? When? Quando parte Pietro? *Come à ¨ Com’à ¨*Dove à ¨ Dov’à ¨

The American Drug Culture - 2879 Words

Introduction - Use of psychoactive substances for recreational purposes is not a radically new social issue. In fact, history tells us that almost every society had their own pharmacopeia of herbs, potions, and substances that not only contributed to healing, but also allowed the user to escape reality (Schules 1992, 4-5). However, it is the contemporary use of psychoactive drugs purchased through illicit or illegal channels and used by persons neither prescribed nor in quantities larger than necessary that defines modern drug abuse (Robins 2006). Prior to World War I, substances like morphine, heroin, and cocaine were available in the major American cities, particularly those with active international ports. For instance, when Chinese immigrants were first imported to work in the mines and railroads during the early 1800s, they brought opium to America. It was the leisure class, who began to experiment with this drug, and, as in Europe, many major U.S. cities had so-called opium den s. In addition, there were a substantial number of society women who ended up addicted because their doctor prescribed this drug to deal with female histrionics or to cure an excessive sexual appetite (Johnson 2002). Within major cities, this problem began to spill over into other groups: prostitutes, child laborers, orphans, and even men and women of lower social classes seeking to escape the harshness of their lives (Courtwright 2002, 3-19). Between the widespread use and generalShow MoreRelatedThe War On Drugs By Richard Nixon1684 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"War on Drugs† is a term which was popularized by Richard Nixon after his declaration that drug abuse is the first problem to solve. So this term means an American campaign of prohibition of drugs, military aid and military intervention, and other actions to stop the illegal drug trades. Every country has its own methods on fighting drug abuse. Cultural practices and systems have an impact on this part of societyâ€℠¢s life. The War on Drugs has contributed the cross cultural differences to the modernRead MoreFear and Loathing in Las Vegas by Hunter S. Thomson730 Words   |  3 Pagestrying to achieve something. In Hunter S. Thompson’s novel Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, Duke and Gonzo take a road trip to Vegas. Drugs and alcohol were prominent in the main characters’ journey and the substances were used to show Duke and Gonzo escape from life, their path to find the American Dream and to bring out the truth of the drug culture in America. Drugs and alcohol can be used as a depressant or as a stimuli but one thing is certain is that they help forget who you are and what youRead MoreEssay on Social Aspect of Substance Abuse1001 Words   |  5 Pagesthat involves several different factors including biological, psychological and sociological aspects. Anderson (1997) states that substance use refers generally to the ingestion of illicit drugs such as marijuana, cocaine, opiates, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, PCP, amphetamines, etc. The use of illicit drugs, such as alcohol and nicotine, are less frequently included in this definition, despite their widespread use and undisputed potential for harm. Substance abuse, however, is a more value-ladenRead MoreThe Sixties Essay1036 Words   |  5 PagesThe sixties was a time where American culture moved from being conservative to new and insightful ways of thinking. With these changes, it brought a new counter culture that would be known as the hippie culture. The hippies led way into a new sexual revolution that would break the old fashioned boundaries. The hippies also ushered in a new era where drugs became popular to a large public as well as within their own culture. Drugs were becoming a part of American culture, as well as new scientific researchRead MoreFear and Loathing vs. on the Road1595 Words   |  7 Pagesand published at the outset of the counter-culture movement of the 1950s and 1960s. This novel provides a first-hand account of the beginnings of the Beat movement and acts as a harbinger for the major societal changes that would occur in the United States throughout the next two decades. On the contrary, Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, a Hunter S. Thompson novel written in 1971 provides a commentary on American society at the end of the counter-culture movement. Thompson reflects on the whirlwindRead More Drugs and Alcohol in the Adolescent Years Essay1547 Words   |  7 PagesDrugs and Alcohol in the Adolescent Years The years of adolescence are a very important time for both young girls and boys to make decisions that will essentially have the power to shape their lives. In life there are conflicts to be overcome from both the â€Å"evil† social world and also a young girl’s vulnerability can cause problems. Both have a huge impact on decisions she will make. Drugs and alcohol are both issues that almost any young person in today’s society is going to comeRead MoreThe Impact Of Latin American Culture On Latin America1656 Words   |  7 Pages they are fighting drugs. Although war is generally a negative thing, this one is not. In this war there are negatives, but the positives far outweigh them. Latin American countries have witnessed the very noticeable benefits of the drug trade in many aspects of everyday life. The use and production of drugs is important to Latin American culture, brings communities together, and creates large amounts of revenue for the economy. Latin American countries have been using drugs for religious and culturalRead MoreBeat Countercultural Movement Essay1127 Words   |  5 Pagesgeneration has affected modern culture seems at first to be no great revelation; it is inevitable that any period of history will affect the time that follows. The Beat generation is especially significant, though, because of its long lasting impact on American culture. Many aspects of modern American culture can be directly attributed to the Beat writers, primarily Allen Ginsburg, William Burroughs, Neal Cassady, and Jack Kerouac. (Asher) Their influence has changed the American perception of obscenityRead MoreDrugs and Music Essay690 Words   |  3 Pagesmusic in American culture, many factors have been instrumental in the inspiration musical artists. The wide range of sources reflects the variety and creativity of music in the modern day that musicians claim as their muses, ranging from religious beliefs to love interests. However, the p rimary driving force behind the creative minds in music in the United States has undeniably been the drug subculture that was the largest at the given time period. Without the use of recreational drugs by artistsRead MoreThe Issue Of Medical Marijuana1270 Words   |  6 Pagesboth the American Academy of Neurology and the American Lung Association speak out about medical marijuana. On the federal level, the White House and the U.S Federal Drug Administration consider the impact of medical marijuana. Medical marijuana also sparks interest with the creation of jobs. Specifically, farmers such as Gary Mangum and dispensaries such as Medical Marijuana, Inc. Insurance companies such as Prudential Life get involved with the debate. Lastly, activist groups like Americans for Safe

Treatment of Inflammatory Disease

Question: Discuss about theTreatment of Inflammatory Disease. Answer: Introduction There are different types of cells that constitute the immune system. These cells act in different ways to protect the body and eliminate the pathogens. Helminths are parasites that are capable of causing various health problems if they invade the human body. However, there are several studies being conducted which suggest that helminths can be used for preventing the inflammatory diseases in the body. The reason for this proposition is the enhanced number and functioning of the regulatory T cells (type of immune system cells) during the infection of helminths (Linda, et. al. 2014). Some studies conducted in the heminth endemic areas also suggested that asthma and allergy can be protected with helminths infection (Helena, 2015. There are various inflammatory diseases that have been studied to identify the impact of helminth infection and their treatment including inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis (Linda, et. al, 2014) but there is no valid evidence for supporting this. The clinical trial of heminths therapy in the patients with hyperinflammatory diseases are being conducted in some affluent countries and the results of these trials can help in establishing some facts about this paradox (Linda, et. al. 2014). If valid proofs are established in support of this hypothesis than there will development of new drug for treating inflammatory diseases. References Helmby, H. (2015, March 26). Human Helminth Therapy to Treat Inflammatory Disorders-Where do We Stand? Retrieved from https://bmcimmunol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12865-015-0074-3 Wammes, L. J., et. al. (2014, June). Helminth Therapy or Elimination: Epidemiological, Immunological and Clinical Considerations. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263548405_Helminth_therapy_or_elimination_Epidemiological_immunological_and_clinical_considerations

Important For Companies Since Management â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Important For Companies Since Management? Answer: Introduction Data analytic is very important for companies since it helps the management of various businesses to draw conclusions from a set of collected data. Data analytic is the process that involves examining sets of data so as to obtain meaningful information that can be used to draw conclusions. These conclusions can then be used as the basis of making decisions by an organization. This tool is very important since it gives statistical data that is measurable and reliable. There are a variety of data analytics technologies and techniques that companies` use to analyze information in their organizations. The information can be about market trends, customer data and even data on competitors. It is important since it helps managers to make very informed decisions (Bartlett , 2013). This report uses Coca Cola Company as the case study for this assessment. The report seeks to identify how the company uses data analytics to help manage churn. The business problem that is facing the company is th e increased competition in the market which threatens its market share. The company seeks to obtain data from customers regarding their preferences and how their needs can be met more effectively. The report also examines Coca Cola method of operation and potential for increasing efficiency in the company. The data analysis methods used by the company as well as communication strategies and the significance of the data to stakeholder is also discussed. Purpose of the case study The purpose of this case study is to examine how data analytics can be used by a company to reduce customer attrition. This study focuses on Coca cola to help us identify how the company has been able to successfully use data to help to maintain its customer base and prevent customers from changing allegiance. The study will use real examples of how Coca Cola has used data analytics to generate important information that can be used for decision making regarding customers (Surma,Go?rniakowska Gee,2011) Definition of the business problem In the recent years, Coca Cola Company has noticed a decrease in its sales especially in the US. This decrease in sales can be attributed to many factors in the market. One of the factors that contributed to the decline in the sales of coca cola was due to increased health consciousness among consumers (Marr, 2015). In the year 2016, the sales for the companies carbonated drinks reduced by 0.8%. The decline for Diet coke alone was recorded at 4.3%. This decrease in sales can also be attributed to customer attrition because of increased competition in the market. This paper therefore seeks to establish how Coca Cola Company uses data analytics to prevent or manage customer attrition. Current method of operation Coca cola is a global company but it operates in local units in all the areas it does business. The company has a system where it vets and appoints bottling companies which act as their partners. The coca cola company has more than 250 bottlers globally (Albright, Winston zappe 2011).The company operates through a decentralized system. Coca cola manufactures concentrates, beverage bases and syrup and sells them to bottling companies. The company owns the brand of the products made from its concentrates and syrup. The company is also in charge of marketing initiatives to help reach the final consumer and influence sales. The bottling partners of Coca cola are responsible for manufacturing, packaging, merchandising and distributing coca cola products. The retailer is the final point in the distribution cycle of the company. Coca cola partners also met in the year 2007 and developed a set of performance indicators. The company faces a challenge in consolidating economic data and theref ore, most of the corporate partners prepare their individual corporate responsibility reports. However, the company is focused on ensuring that their standards are met by the bottler partners to ensure that the brand name of coca cola remains strong. Potential for efficiency Increased efficiency can be achieved in the Coca cola model of operation through consolidation of its market globally. The companys operations are so fragmented to the point of the company losing control of how the company performs in the region. The consolidation of operations will help the company to reduce operational costs of coordinating all the markets its operating in. Consolidation will also help the company to focus on understanding the needs of consumers better. This will help the company to meet the needs of the consumers and to gain competitive advantage (Showers, 2015). Efficiency can also be increased by coca cola by sourcing out the marketing and advertising role to third parties. This should be mainly a marketing company to help draw strategies to target different market segments. This will also help coca cola to cut on costs of marketing which constitutes the biggest expenditure by the company. Available data Coca cola depends on data from various sources to help it in understanding market trends and also competition in the industry. This data is very important since it helps coca cola in fulfilling the needs of the customers by understanding their needs better. The data is also collected on the industry competitiveness, new players entering and leaving the market. Coca cola`s data on the sales volumes achieved in the various regions it operates in Is also available (Davenport, Harris morison,2010). The model of operation of coca cola makes it somehow difficult to collect, analyze and compare data since each market has different characteristics and needs. The customers are also different in each of the markets that the company operates. In addition to this, coca cola can also access data on its competitors. It is very important for any company to have optimum knowledge about the competitor since it helps in designing strategies. Data on the sales of competitors, the new products being lau nched as well as loss or gain in customer base is also available. The data is from varying diverse sources which provides an opportunity for the company to compare the data. The data comes from journals such as Euromonitor International, Unesda Statista (Foreman,2013). Magazines such as the Financial Times are also used as important source of data. There are also various organizations that conduct data on industry trends and consumption behavior in the soft drinks industry which are able to track data on the industry in a timely manner. There are also a variety of other companies who conduct yearly research and they provide important data which is good for reference. Coca cola keeps financial records which help in making decisions by the management. The company prepares yearly report and presents them to stakeholders to help evaluate the financial position of the company. The data on the performance of the company is also analyzed to help to examine the factors which impact on the performance of the company. The data collected from various sources as stated above is used by coca cola to reduce customer attrition. This data is scientifically analyzed to help understand the customer better and therefore fulfill their needs. Some of the strategies that can be undertaken to prevent customer attrition include improving product quality, diversifying product, increased advertisement to counter competitors and ensuring fair pricing of the companys products (Provost Fawcett, 2013). The strategy to be employed will depend on the conclusions drawn from the data collected. Key Metrics Data for this case study is measured using different methods depending on the aspects under consideration. The financial data can be measured using balance sheets, income statements and cash flow statements. This helps to identify the financial performance of the company in the markets in which it operates. If the performance is seen to have gone down, then it means that the company is losing customers and corrective action needs to be taken. Financial data is compared with previous years performance and the predetermined goals (Delen, 2015). The other key performance metric is the comparison of sales with those of closets competitors. The trend determined here can help the company to know whether or not it is experiencing customer attrition. Data analysis methods The data analysis methods used by the company depend on the type of data collected. Quantitative data is analyzed using methods such as predictive focusing by designing an hypothesis which is compared with the outcome of the data analyzed. The exploratory data analysis technique is also used to analyze data. In this case, analysts apply exploratory techniques to help understand the messages in the data. Descriptive statistics are also integrated in this model. Data visualization is used to examine the patterns by drawing table and graphs. This helps the researcher to interpret the data in a clearer manner. The relationship between variables can be determined using the correlation, regression and t-test. The tools that can be used to analyze the data include SPSS and Excel spreadsheet. The following is sample of data collected on the customers preference of either coke diet or other types of coca cola products; Name of product/category No of loyal customers Coke diet 239 Mineral water 105 Other coca cola drinks 156 From the sample data presented, an histogram graph can be generated that can be able to indicate the customers preference for each of the products listed. Conclusions can be drawn from the graph which can help in decision making. Communication of results After the analysis of data collected from various secondary and primary sources it is important that the data is communicated to various stakeholders. Communication of the results of the data analysis is important in order to help in drawing conclusions and decision making. This information is communicated in various formats such as graphs and tables. These data visualization techniques help to communicate clearly and efficiently. The visualization technique will help users to get an overview of the outcomes without necessarily having to read the report itself. Stakeholders There are various stakeholders in coca cola Company who may be interested in the report on the data collected. One of the major stakeholders interested in these analytics is the management team of the company. The management needs information to be able to make decisions and design strategies on behalf of the company. This information helps in preventing customer attrition. The other stakeholders include the shareholders of the company, future investors, employees of the company as well as other cooperate partners. The other who may be interested in this data are the general public since the company is listed. Presenting insight to stakeholders The insights of the data analytics should be presented to stakeholders in the simplest way possible. The presentation should be clear and simple to understand. The data is presented by the use of graphs and tables and other visual features which may be necessary. The insights of from the data can also be presented using frequency distribution. Graphical presentation may be bar graphs, histogram, pie chart or line graph. The collected data needs to be copied in a data analysis tool such as SPSS or Microsoft Excel. From there, the graphs can be easily developed to help give insight into the data entered into the system. Benefits and consequences There are many benefits of using data analytics. The major benefit is that it helps in decision making process. Numerical and up to date data can be used by the management of the company to make decisions that help to reduce attrition among customers. The management can improve products quality or improve advertising effort. The data helps the company in understanding customer needs and doing everything necessary to meet consumer needs. The data can also be used by the company to understand their competitors better and to gain insight into the market trends and therefore help the company to design strategies that will give the company competitive advantage. The data can be used by investors to make investment decisions. This depends on how the company is performing and whether or not the company is making enough profits. Data analytics are helping coca cola launch new products that are popular with customers and hence helping coca cola to maintain its customers and market share. The company is also focusing on developing products that are health conscious and hence reducing customer attrition. The challenges that may be faced in implementing of the recommendation include the data collected may be inaccurate and therefore mislead the management when making the decision. This can result to wrong decisions by arrived at by the management. Another challenge is that the problem detected may not be controlled by the organization since it is an external management issue. An example of this are government legislation`s which may affect business operations. Conclusion Data analytics is very important for various companies. Data analytics helps in analyzing and interpreting data in such a way that it generates useful information. This information can be used by the management of the company in making informed decisions. The information obtained from data analytics can be used by various other shareholders to help them in decision making. This report analyzes the sources of data for coca cola and the tools and methods used to analyze this data. The presentation methods are also discussed as well as the benefits and consequences of the data obtained by the company. References Albright, s. C., winston, w. L., zappe, c. J. (2011). Data analysis and decision making. Mason, ohio, south-western/cengage learning. Bartlett, r. (2013). 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