Criminological Theories A comparison Between Control Theories and Essay

Criminological Theories A comparison Between Control Theories and Scocial control Theories of Crime - Essay Example The social control they describe is not through Laws, but through Beliefs and societal Norms. However, these norms could later evolve into Laws, ethics, Etiquettes and Customs . The Control is effected through establishing conformity and compliance to these norms. SOCIAL CONTROL THEORIES are viewed along two perspectives. The Macro social and Micro social perspectives . The Macro Social Perspective examines the Formal Control Systems which include the Legal systems, Law enforcers, lobbies which influence laws, which exercise control over the society. Micro Social Perspective, studies the INFORMAL control systems. exercised by Families, religious and educational institution and peer groups. This Informal control manifests as Bonding ,Re Integrative Shaming, Attachment, and Learning through Role Models. The control theories focus on a person's Relationship to their parents, teachers, parish priests and coaches who act as agents of socialization -.A child's Effective interaction with these agents translates into bonds with society.(Hirschi1960) Control Theories study the internalization of Moral codes and the stakes and ties in the community the individuals develops, which make them to voluntarily limit their deviant behaviour.These are Informal controls exercised by social and familial bonds. It is more a "self concept". The most influential among the Control Theories are, John Bolwlby 's Attachment Theory, Travis Hirschi's Social Bonds Theory , the Age Graded Life course Theory of Sampson and Laube and the General Theory of Crime by Gottferson and Hirschi (1999) The Control Theory of Delinquency was presented by Travis Hirsche in 1969. It emerged from the Social Disorganisation Theory (Western Criminology Review)which was slowly losing its prestige at that time. Hirschi took his cue from this theory which held that Disorganised communities generate crime as informal social controls have broken down.It was John Bowlby who first floated the emotional aspect in social control in his Attachment Theory in 1969.Hirschi synthesizes both these perspectives . Hirschi's Control Theory posits that it is not so much the Individual's personality, but his social Relationships and social bonds which determine the deviance or conformity of his Behaviour. Absence of Control exercised by those bonds left him free to weigh the profits against risk . Attachment to others make him less likely to be deviant. Both Hirschi and Bowlby stress Parental upbringing in instilling socialization. The accrual of emotional investment by parents develops Empathy in the individual , which heightens his control and help him to Desist from acts violating the conventions. .The other Control theories, The General Theory of Crime, The Age Graded Life Course Theory that followed, acknowledged the SELF concept .They explained how at a Micro perspective, Informal social bonds which are at first external, become internalized . Gottferson and Hirschi (1990) , and later,Sampson and Laube (1993)in their Age Graded Life Course Perspective said that there is a relationship of causes between the later deviant behavior and the

Improving science literacy with hypermedia Essay Example for Free

Improving science literacy with hypermedia Essay Methods Learning Design Architecture The four cornerstones of this Science learning and teaching design are goal-based and constructivist learning, simulation, computer-based creative learning environment, computer-based creative assessment, as well as the traditional lectures and tutorials. In the present research, the Discovery Channel â€Å"Pompeii: The Last Day† site was used as the hypermedia environment for investigating the science topic of Plate Tectonic Theory, first, and the impact of natural processes on human history (Pompeii), second. A few words need to be said about the structure of this hypermedia resource and its value for the current research. It is organized as the complex system of thematic hypermedia audio/video-packages accompanied by informational texts in written form. The structure of the site appears to be complex, so far as on the macrolevel it consists of the hypermedia sections: â€Å"What Happened Here? ,† the â€Å"Virtual Volcano† simulation, Pompeii Quiz, and Eruption Videos. Each macrounit, meanwhile, is designed as another macroentity. For example, the section â€Å"What Happened Here? † provides learners with different types of information on the theme of volcanic activity having erased ancient cities from the earth surface. The â€Å"Step Back in Time† slide-show is organized as a series (7 parts or pages) of the typed texts (â€Å"The Long, Deathly Silence,† â€Å"Herculaneum,† â€Å"Two Days in August,† â€Å"The Story of Lupercus,† â€Å"Pompeii: Part I,† â€Å"Pompeii: Part II,† and â€Å"The Story of Caius Julius Polybius† by Rossella Lorenzi). The â€Å"Ongoing Excavations,† or â€Å"Ongoing Archaeology† slide-show comprising 6 parts or pages (â€Å"Uncovering Pompeii,† â€Å"Bringing the Oldest Pompeii to Light,† â€Å"A Unique Glimpse,† â€Å"Herculaneums Lost Papyri,† â€Å"Lost Plays of Sophocles,† and â€Å"Multi-Spectral Imaging†) is analogous in structure to the â€Å"Step Back in Time† macrounit. Besides, within the same â€Å"What Happened Here? † macrosection, there is a â€Å"Pompeiis Eyewitness Account† web documentary. The students listen to the text and watch the video accounting for Pliny the Younger’s story about the ancient Pompeii devastation. Whereas the aforedescribed macrounit explores the issues of human history in relating to natural catastrophes, the other macrosections concentrate on Plate Tectonics theory and scientific description of volcanoes as natural pressure valves. Under the umbrella of Volcanology, there are the hypermedia macrounits â€Å"Virtual Volcano† and of â€Å"Eruption Video. † The section â€Å"Virtual Volcano† consists in its turn of the Overview and the â€Å"Virtual volcano† simulation sections. The theme of the section is â€Å"Tectonic Plates and Volcanoes. † The Overview dwells on the Earth’s tectonic structure, volcano types (three subsections) and structure. The information is presented through both visual and textual form (typed text). In the macrounits of â€Å"Global Perspective† and â€Å"Virtual volcano† a specific type of hypermedia symbolic simulation or microworld – introduces students to the details of tectonic structure and volcanic activity. Simulation is â€Å"a computer-based simulation of a work or decision-making environment† as a system (Sauer, Wastell, Hockey, 2000, p. 46, qtd. in Gredler, 2004, p. 577). Whereas a â€Å"Global Perspective† is a genuine symbolic simulation of Earth with delineated plate boundaries and active volcanoes, the â€Å"Virtual volcano† section is an experiential simulation. This is an alliance of hypermedia and video images â€Å"to create a virtual experience for students who are fulfilling roles as researchers† (ibid. ). The macrounit seems to be designed to improve students’ comprehension of the theme by projecting the concepts from short-term to long-term memory, training topical vocabulary and operating knowledge in the goal-based settings. Six informational video packages within the section of â€Å"Eruption Video† train audition as well as visual comprehension. It also broadens students’ vocabulary with useful terms and present visual information on useful concepts (e. g. pyroclastic flow, lava flow, underwater volcano, etc. ). The informational section â€Å"Volcano news† provides learners with interesting facts on ancient and modern volcanic activity (as well as other scientific facts; there are 13 news pieces, 2 of which are corrupted). The hypermedia assessment tool is given in the form of the Pompeii Quiz. This is an interactive multiple-choice test â€Å"Would you survive after the eruption of Mount Vesuvius?. † To accomplish the test, a student must use knowledge having been gained during the research of the site. The Discovery Channel â€Å"Pompeii: The Last Day† site seems to be a useful hypermedia environment for investigating the topics of Plate Tectonic Theory and its impact on human history. First, students pick up useful concepts related to several branches of science (tectonics, Volcanology, history, archeology, etc. ). Second, they learn important vocabulary on the topics in the flow of constructivist and creative learning process. Due to the fact that the hypermedia environment is used for achieving the learning goals, the body of information is presented through various media (typed text, oral speech, graphics, videoimages, photographs, simulations) and organized flexibly. A learner is free to step from one macrounit to another being led by his/her personal background and motivation, return to the sections which are of most interest for him/her essentially and train comprehension skills in the Quiz as many times as (s)he needs. Finally, it refines students’ ICT skills while they use the World Wide Web to reach the site and proceed from page to page. Instruments To evaluate the effect of the hypermedia learning environment on students’ comprehension of Science (Plate Tectonics, Volcanology, History, Archeology), the researcher investigated each of the four â€Å"Pompeii: The Last Day† sections for the most significant scientific concepts to be utilized by students in the learning process. The search was done by qualitative linguistic analysis of the informational texts. The concepts were grouped into three main sections: geographical names, personal names and scientific terms and concepts (see Table 1 for the list). The students were assumed to learn those terms in the constructivist educational process through the hypermedia tools to incorporate them into their evaluation assignments as the evidence for their improved science reading and visual comprehension. Second, an end-of the week questionnaire was administered to the eight-graders in the Science Hypermedia class to find out feedback on their learning experience from using the hypermedia learning environment including time spent on independent research in the hypermedia environment (â€Å"Pompeii: The Last Day†) (see Tables 3, 4 and Figure 1). Third, Power Point presentations were used as creative evaluation instrument to check the learning outcomes of students’ comprehension. All the students were trained to create computer-based presentations by the given program. In an effort to guide and improve the learning of science concepts in the realms of Geology, History and Archeology with eight-graders in the middle school, a week study of the Topic â€Å"Plate Tectonic Theory and the Impact of Volcanic Activity on Human History† was designed as an action research experiment. From the point of view of settings and partly qualitative assessment of the outcomes of research on specific stages (e. g. students’ feedbacks), this study may also be called a case study, since only one science topic was investigated in regard to students’ comprehension and motivation. Two classes of eight-graders relatively equal in achievements and learning potential were invited to participate in educational experiment. However, there was no internal sampling conducted within each of the classes. All the students participated voluntarily and for no reward in grades or other. The goals of the present research were clarified to all the participants (N = 40). The total number of participants (N = 40) was invited to study the topic of Plate Tectonics and its impact on human history through different learning resources. The students of experiment group (n = 20) studied the topic in the hypermedia environment (a school computer laboratory equipped with Windows-based microcomputers and, optionally, at home), whereas the other group of students (control group, n = 20) did not use any hypermedia resources learning solely from printed textbooks and handouts as well as teacher’s oral instructions. To comment, the student of the experiment group received small portions of a teacher’s instruction while researching the hypermedia context. They were also assisted by a teacher in proceeding from one structural part of the site to the other in order to investigate the topic on each other’s individual pace. However, the general framework of scientific topic was introduced to a group of students. Thus, both group and individual types of instruction tool place in the research. One more thing to note, the studies in both the experiment and the control groups were conducted by one and the same teacher of a teaching style being familiar to the students from previous experience. After a week of studies, the students from both the groups designed Power Point presentations on the topic within the Hypermedia Evaluation Project in lieu of a formal examination. The assessment comprised: 45% on the subject comprehension (major concepts and direct conceptual links), 45% on utilizing Power Point hypermedia resources, and 10% on creativity. All the students (n = 40) were trained in using the Power Point program. Presentations were evaluated by three examiners. The point of degree between the evaluators was high (r = . 088).

Jefferson and Hamilton Essay -- essays research papers

The post-revolutionary war period of the Unites States saw the establishment of the first party system and an enlarging gap in viewpoints between the wealthy and the common man. The contradictory views of Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson were primarily responsible for the rise of political parties from 1783-1800. Alexander Hamilton exerted the most influence in the new Federalist Party. He believed that only an enlightened ruling class could produce a stable and effective federal government. The government therefore needed the support of wealthy men. Thomas Jefferson and the Republicans defended more the rights of the common man and an agrarian society with little power from the federal government. His basic principle was "in general I believe the decisions of the people in a body will be more honest and more disinterested than those of wealthy men." The Republican Party attracted more of the common people while the Federalist Party drew support from the aristocracy. Although neither side was willing to admit to it, these institutions were known as the "first party system." Both parties stance on who should have more power in the government contributed to the largely divers views of the common man and the wealthy man. When the French Revolution grew to its most radical peak the Federalists reacted with horror as citizens overthrew the aristocracy. In launching the New Ship of State Hamilton said, "The cause of France is compared with that of America during its late Revolution. I own I do not like the comparison...well informed men must equally unite in the doubt whether this [free and good government] be likely to take place." Thomas Jefferson's response was "I still hope the Revolution will issue happily...The livery of the whole earth was depending on the issue of the contest, and was ever such a prize won with so little innocent blood?" Many Republicans even imitated French Jacobins in dress and in speaking. The difference between the Federalist and Republican social philosophies is most easily seen among their different reactions to the French Revolution. Federalists called for a national debt to be funded and hoped to create a large national bank credited by wealthy men. He defended it in a plan presented to Congress by claiming "where the authority of the government is general it can create corp... ...Sedition Acts exercise a power nowhere delegated to the Federal government...this commonwealth does declare that the said Alien and Sedition Acts are violations of the said Constitution." The resolutions nullified the laws and contributed to the rise of Republicanism and the fall of Federalism. The differing opinions on how the government in the post-Revolutionary war period should be run ultimately created the first rise in political parties. The Federalist belief in a government run by wealthy men and opposing Republican support for and agrarian society split the nations people in support of a government most beneficial to them. Differing reactions to the French Revolution showed the distinct difference in Federalist and Republican belief of who the government should be run under. The National Bank and the excise tax on liquor revealed differing views on how strictly the Constitution should be interpreted and the Alien and Sedition Acts reveal an attempt of one party to dissolve another. The contrasting views of Hamilton's Federalism and Jefferson's Republicanism were the ultimate contributors to splitting the nation on views and establishing the first political parties.

Free Speech -- The First Amendment

When you think about America, the first thing that comes to mind is liberty. Liberty of the government and its citizens is one thing that colonists exceedingly desired during the British oppressive regime. When United States gained independence, the Founding Fathers drafted the Constitution of the Unites States, a document that has been governing our country for more than 200 years. The constitution was drafted accordingly to ensure that people’s opinions were heard. What our Founding Fathers could not foresee is that in our 21st century, The Freedom of Speech not only gives a person such a massive power, but also an opinion even if it is immoral and goes against citizens’ values. Thesis statement The First Amendment is the right that has been belonging to people since the birth. When we think about freedom of speech, we tend to remember the protester who expressed his opinion through burning the United States flag or about journalists who exposed a corrupt official. But now the trend is to use the First Amendment to release hatred and worshiping mindsets that go against society’s values and morals. Background, History In the United States of America, the First Amendment is one of the things that distinguishes us from any other nations. The First Amendment guarantees the absolute freedom of speech, freedom of press, freedom to exercise any religion and freedom to assemble. In many countries,the press gets censored and people who publicly express their opinion end up in the jail. In our country, however, political speech is protected and any citizen can sue an other if one feels his or her opinion is suppressed. The Westboro Baptist Church, Neo-Nazi, Neo- Klu Klux Klan, and many others emerged as groups that invoke and in... ... on Corporate Speech, the Press Is a Problem." New York Times 8 Feb. 2011: A12(L). Student Resource Center - Gold. Web. 8 Mar. 2011. Document URL†¨http://find.galegroup.com/gps/infomark.do?&contentSet=IAC-Documents&type=retrieve&tabID=T004&prodId=IPS&docId=A248547954&source=gale&srcprod=SRCG&userGroupName=moun43602&version=1.0 Welch, Matt. "The 'costs' of free speech: consequentialism and the First Amendment don't mix." Reason July 2010: 2+. Student Resource Center - Gold. Web. 3 Mar. 2011. Document URL http://find.galegroup.com/gps/infomark.do?&contentSet=IAC-Documents&type=retrieve&tabID=T003&prodId=IPS&docId=A227945164&source=gale&srcprod=SRCG&userGroupName=moun43602&version=1.0 Lawver, Bryan. "Laws Do Not Prevent Hate Speech." The Globe. 27 Apr. 2010. Web. 05 Apr. 2011. .

Bloodsucking Fiends: A Love Story Chapter 25

~Part III Hunters Chapter 25 All Dressed Up Tommy stormed around the loft collecting beer cans and breakfast plates and carrying them to the kitchen. â€Å"Bitch!† he said to Peary. â€Å"Shark-faced bitch. It's not like I have any experience at this. It's not like there's Cosmo articles on how to take care of a vampire. Bloodsucking, day-sleeping, turtle-hating, creepy-crawling, no-toilet-paper-buying, inconsiderate bitch!† He slammed an armload of dishes into the sink. â€Å"I didn't ask for this. A few friends come over for breakfast and she goes bat-shit. Did I make a fuss when her mother came over with no notice? Did I say a word when she brought a dead guy home and shoved him under the bed? No offense, Peary. Do I complain about her weird hours? Her eating habits? No, I haven't said a word.† â€Å"It's not like I came to the City saying, ‘Oh, I can't wait to find a woman whose only joy in life is sucking out my bodily fluids. Okay, well, maybe I did, but I didn't mean this.† Tommy tied up a trash bag full of beer cans and threw it in the corner. The crash reverberated through his head, reminding him of his hangover. He cradled his throbbing temples and went to the bathroom, where he heaved until he thought his stomach would turn inside out. He pushed himself up from the bowl and wiped his eyes. Two snapping turtles regarded him from the tub. â€Å"What are you guys looking at?† Scott's jaw dropped open and he hissed. Zelda ducked under the foot of fouled water and swam against the corner of the tub. â€Å"I need a shower. You guys are going to have to roam around for a while.† Tommy found a towel and wrestled the turtles out of the tub, then stepped in and ran the shower until the water went cold. As he dressed he watched Scott and Zelda wandering around the bedroom, bumping into walls, then backing up and slumping off until they hit another wall. â€Å"You guys are miserable here, aren't you? No one appreciates you? Well, it doesn't look like Jody's going to use you. Whoever heard of a vampire with a weak stomach? There's no reason for all of us to be miserable.† Tommy had been using the milk crates he'd carried Scott and Zelda in as laundry baskets. He dumped the dirty laundry on the floor and lined the crates with damp towels. â€Å"Let's go, guys. We're going to the park.† He put Scott in a crate and carried him down the steps to the sidewalk. Then went back up for Zelda and called a cab. When he returned to the street, one of the biker/sculptors was standing outside of the foundry, blotting sweat out of his beard with a bandanna. â€Å"You live upstairs, right?† The sculptor was about thirty-five, long-haired and bearded, wearing grimy jeans and a denim vest with no shirt. His beer belly protruded from the vest and hung over his belt like a great hairy bag of pudding. â€Å"Yeah, I'm Tom Flood.† Tommy set the crate on the sidewalk and offered his hand. The sculptor clamped down on it until Tommy winced with pain. â€Å"I'm Frank. My partner's Monk. He's inside.† â€Å"Monk?† â€Å"Short for Monkey. We work in brass.† Tommy massaged his crushed hand. â€Å"I don't get it.† â€Å"Balls on a brass monkey.† â€Å"Oh,† Tommy said, nodding as if he understood. â€Å"What's with the turtles?† Frank asked. â€Å"Pets,† Tommy said. â€Å"They're getting too big for our place, so I'm going to take a cab over to Golden Gate Park and let them go in the pond.† â€Å"That why your old lady left all pissed off?† â€Å"Yeah, she doesn't want them in the house anymore.† â€Å"Fucking women,† Frank said in sympathy. â€Å"My last old lady was always on me about keeping my scooter in the living room. I still have the scooter.† Obviously, in Frank's eyes, Tommy should be carrying Jody out in a crate. Frank thought he was a wimp. â€Å"No big deal,† Tommy said with a shrug, â€Å"they were hers. I don't really care.† â€Å"I could use a couple of turtles, if you want to save cab fare.† â€Å"Really?† Tommy hadn't relished the idea of loading the crates into a cab anyway. â€Å"You wouldn't eat them, would you? I mean, I don't care, but – â€Å" â€Å"No fucking way, man.† A blue cab pulled up and stopped. Tommy signaled to the driver, then turned back to Frank. â€Å"I've been feeding them hamburger.† â€Å"Cool,† Frank said. â€Å"I'm on it.† â€Å"I have to go.† Tommy opened the cab door and looked back at Frank. â€Å"Can I visit them?† â€Å"Anytime,† Frank said. â€Å"Later.† He bent and picked up the crate containing Zelda. Tommy got in the cab. â€Å"Marina Safeway,† he said. He would be a couple of hours early for work, but he didn't want to stay at the loft and risk another tirade if Jody returned. He could kill the time reading or something. As the cab pulled away he looked out the back window and watched Frank carrying the second crate inside. Tommy felt as if he had just abandoned his children. Jody thought, I guess not everything changed when I changed. Without realizing how she got there, Jody found herself at Macy's in Union Square. It was as if some instinctual navigator, activated by conflict with men, had guided her there. A dozen times in the past she had found herself here, arriving with a purse full of tear-smeared Kleenex and a handful of credit cards tilted toward their limit. It was a common, and very human, response. She spotted other women doing the same thing: flipping through racks, testing fabrics, checking prices, fighting back tears and anger, and actually believing salespeople who told them that they looked stunning. Jody wondered if department stores knew what percentage of their profits came from domestic unrest. As she passed a display of indecently expensive cosmetics, she spotted a sign that read: â€Å"Melange Youth Cream – Because he'll never understand why you're worth it.† Yep, they knew. The righteous and the wronged shall find solace in a sale at Macy's. It was two weeks until Christmas and the stores in Union Square were staying open late into the evening. Tinsel and lights were festooned across every aisle, and every item not marked for sale was decorated with fake evergreen, red and green ribbon, and various plastic approximations of snow. Droves of package-laden shoppers trudged through the aisles like the chorus line of the cheerful, sleigh-bell version of the Bataan Death March, ever careful to keep moving lest some ambitious window dresser mistake them for mannequins and spray them down with aerosol snow. Jody watched the heat trails of the lights, breathed deep the aroma of fudge and candy and a thousand mingled colognes and deodorants, listened to the whir of the motors that animated electric elves and reindeer under the cloak of Muzak-mellowed Christmas carols – and she liked it. Christmas is better as a vampire, she thought. The crowds used to bother her, but now they seemed like†¦ like cattle: harmless and unaware. To her predator side, even the women wearing fur, who used to grate on her nerves, seemed not only harmless, but even enlightened in this heightened sensual world. I'd like to roll naked on mink, she thought. She frowned to herself. Not with Tommy, though. Not for a while, anyway. She found herself scanning the crowds, looking for the dark aura that betrayed the dying-prey – then caught herself and shivered. She looked over their heads, like an elevator rider avoiding eye contact, and the gleam of black caught her eye. It was a cocktail dress, minimally displayed on an emaciated Venus de Milo mannequin in a Santa hat. The LBD, Little Black Dress: the fashion equivalent of nuclear weapons; public lingerie; effective not because of what it was, but what it wasn't. You had to have the legs and the body to wear an LBD. Jody did. But you also had to have the confidence, and that she'd never been able to muster. Jody looked down at her jeans and sweatshirt, then at the dress, then at her tennis shoes. She pushed her way through the crowd to the dress. A rotund, tastefully dressed saleswoman approached Jody from behind. â€Å"May I help you?† Jody's gaze was trained on the dress as if it were the Star of Bethlehem and she was overstocked with frankincense and myrrh. â€Å"I need to see that dress in a three.† â€Å"Very good,† the woman said. â€Å"I'll bring you a five and a seven as well.† Jody looked at the woman for the first time and saw the woman looking at her sweatshirt as if it would sprout tentacles and strangle her at any moment. â€Å"A three will be fine,† Jody said. â€Å"A three might be a bit snug,† the woman said. â€Å"That's the idea,† Jody said. She smiled politely, imagining herself snatching out handfuls of the woman's tastefully tinted hair. â€Å"Now let's get the item number off of that,† the woman said, making a show of holding the tag so that Jody could see the price. She sneaked a look for Jody's reaction. â€Å"He's paying,† Jody said, just to be irritating. â€Å"It's a gift.† â€Å"Oh, how nice,† the woman said, trying to brighten, but obviously disgusted. Jody understood. Six months ago she would have hated the kind of woman she was pretending to be. The woman said, â€Å"This will be lovely for holiday parties.† â€Å"Actually, it's for a funeral.† Jody couldn't remember having this much fun while shopping. â€Å"Oh, I'm sorry.† The woman looked apologetic and held her hands to her heart in sympathy. â€Å"It's okay; I didn't know the deceased very well.† â€Å"I see,† the woman said. Jody lowered her eyes. â€Å"His wife,† she said. â€Å"I'll get the dress,† the woman said, turning and hurrying away. Tommy had only been in the Safeway once before when it was still open: the day he applied for the job. Now it seemed entirely too active and entirely too quiet without the Stones or Pearl Jam blasting over the speakers. He felt that his territory had been somehow violated by strangers. He resented the customers who ruined the Animals' work by taking things off the shelves. As he passed the office he nodded to the manager and headed to the breakroom to kill time until it was time to go to work. The breakroom was a windowless room behind the meat department, furnished with molded plastic chairs, a Formica folding table, a coffee machine, and a variety of safety posters. Tommy brushed some crumbs off a chair, found a coffee-stained Reader's Digest under an opened package of stale bear claws, and sat down to read and sulk. He read: â€Å"A Bear's Got Mom!: Drama in Real Life† and â€Å"I Am Joe's Duodenum†; and he was beginning to feel a pull toward the bathroom and the Midwest, both things he associated with Reader's Digest, when he flipped to an article entitled: â€Å"Bats: Our Wild and Wacky Winged Friends† and felt his duodenum quiver with interest. Someone entered the breakroom, and without looking up, Tommy said, â€Å"Did you know that if the brown bat fed on humans instead of insects, that one bat could eat the entire population of Minneapolis in one night?† â€Å"I didn't know that,† said a woman's voice. Tommy looked up from the magazine to see the new cashier, Mara, pulling a chair out from the table. She was tall and a little thin, but large-breasted: a blue-eyed blonde of about twenty. Tommy had been expecting one of the box boys and he stared at her for a second while he changed gears. â€Å"Oh, hi. I'm Tom Flood. I'm on the night crew.† â€Å"I've seen you,† she said. â€Å"I'm Mara. I'm new.† Tommy smiled. â€Å"Nice to meet you. I came in a little early to catch up on some paperwork.† â€Å"Reader's Digest?† She raised an eyebrow. â€Å"Oh, this? No, I don't normally read it. I just spotted this article on bats and decided to check it out. They're our wild and wacky winged friends, you know?† He looked at the page as if to confirm his interest. â€Å"For instance, did you know that the vampire bat is the only mammal that has been successfully frozen and thawed out alive?† â€Å"I'm sorry, bats give me the creeps.† â€Å"Me too,† Tommy said, throwing the magazine aside. â€Å"Do you read?† â€Å"I've been reading the Beats. I just moved here and I want to get a feeling for the City's literature.† â€Å"You're kidding. I've only been here a few months myself. It's a great city.† â€Å"I haven't had a chance to look around much. Moving and everything. I left a bad situation back home and I've been trying to adjust.† She didn't look at him when she talked. Tommy assumed at first that it was because she found him disgusting, but after studying her he realized that she was just shy. â€Å"Have you been to North Beach? The Beats all lived there in the fifties.† â€Å"No, I don't know my way around yet.† â€Å"Oh, you have to go to City Lights Books, and Enrico's. And the bars up there all have pictures of Kerouac and Ginsberg on the walls. You can almost hear the jazz playing.† Mara finally looked up at him and smiled. â€Å"You're interested in the Beats?† Her eyes were wide, bright, and crystal-blue. He liked her. â€Å"I'm a writer,† Tommy said. It was his turn to look away. â€Å"I mean, I want to be a writer. I used to live in Chinatown, it's right next to North Beach.† â€Å"Maybe you could give me directions to some of the hot spots.† â€Å"I could show you,† Tommy said. As soon as he said it he wanted to retract the offer. Jody would kill him. â€Å"That would be wonderful, if you wouldn't mind. I don't know anyone in the City except the other cashiers, and they all have home lives.† Tommy was confused. The manager had said that she had recently lost a child. He assumed that she was married. He didn't want it to appear that he was trying to make a move on her. He didn't really want to make a move on her. But if he were still single, unattached†¦ No, Jody wouldn't understand. Having never had a girlfriend before, he'd never been tempted to stray. He had no idea how to deal with it. He said, â€Å"I could show you and your husband around a little and the two of you could have a night on the town.† â€Å"I'm divorced,† Mara said. â€Å"I wasn't married very long.† â€Å"I'm sorry,† Tommy said. Mara shook her head as if to dismiss his sympathy. â€Å"It's a short story. I got pregnant and we got married. The baby died and he left.† She said it without feeling, as if she had distanced herself emotionally from the experience – as if it had happened to someone else. â€Å"I'm trying to make a new start.† She checked her watch. â€Å"I'd better get back up front. I'll see you.† She stood and started to leave the room. â€Å"Mara,† Tommy called and she turned. â€Å"I'd love to show you around if you'd like.† â€Å"I'd like that. Thanks. I'm working days for the rest of the week.† â€Å"No problem,† Tommy said. â€Å"How about tomorrow night? I don't have a car, but we can meet in North Beach at Enrico's if you want.† â€Å"Write down the address.† She took a slip of paper and a pen from her purse and handed it to him. He scribbled the address and handed it back to her. â€Å"What time?† she asked. â€Å"Seven, I guess.† â€Å"Seven it is,† she said, and left the breakroom. Tommy thought: I'm a dead man. Jody turned in front of the mirror, admiring the way the LED fit. It was cut down to the small of her back and had a neckline that plunged to the sternum, but was held together at her cleavage with a transparent black mesh. The saleswoman stood beside her, frowning, holding larger sizes of the same dress. â€Å"Are you sure you don't want to try the five, dear?† Jody said, â€Å"No, this one is fine. I'll need some sheer black nylons to go with it.† The saleswoman fought down a grimace and managed a professional smile. â€Å"And do you have shoes to match?† â€Å"Suggestions?† Jody asked, not looking away from her reflection. She thought, I wouldn't have been caught dead in something like this a few months ago. Oh hell, I'm caught dead in everything now. Jody laughed at the thought and the saleswoman took it personally and dropped her polite smile. An edge of disgust in her voice, she said, â€Å"I suppose you could complete the look with a pair of Italian fuck-me pumps and some maroon lipstick.† Jody turned to the dowdy woman and gave her a knowing smile. â€Å"You've done this before, haven't you?† After a visit to the shoe department, Jody found herself at the cosmetics counter where an ebullient gay man talked her into â€Å"doing her colors† on the computer. He stared at the screen in disbelief. â€Å"Oh my goodness. This is exciting.† â€Å"What?† Jody said impatiently. She just wanted to buy some lipstick and get out. She'd satisfied her shopping Jones by reducing the woman in evening wear to tears. â€Å"You're my first winter,† said Maurice. (His name was Maurice; it said so on his badge.) â€Å"You know, I've done a thousand autumns, and I get springs out the yin-yang, but a winter†¦ We are going to have fun!† Maurice began piling samples of eye shadow, lipstick, mascara, and powder on the counter next to the winter color palette. He opened a tube of mascara and held it next to Jody's face. â€Å"This one's called Elm Blight, it approximates the color of dead trees in the snow. It complements your eyes wonderfully. Go ahead, dear, try it.† While Jody brushed the mascara onto her lashes, using the magnifying mirror on the counter, Maurice read from the Winter Woman's profile. â€Å"‘The Winter Woman is as wild as a blizzard, as fresh as new snow. While some see her as cold, she has a fiery heart under that ice-queen exterior. She likes the stark simplicity of Japanese art and the daring complexity of Russian literature. She prefers sharp to flowing lines, brooding to pouting, and rock and roll to country and western. Her drink is vodka, her car is German, her analgesic is Advil. The Winter Woman likes her men weak and her coffee strong. She is prone to anemia, hysteria, and suicide. † Maurice stepped back from the counter and took a deep bow, as if he had just finished a dramatic reading. Jody looked up from the mirror and blinked, the lashes on her right eye describing a starlike Clockwork Orange pattern against her pale skin. â€Å"They can tell all of that from my coloring?† Maurice nodded and brandished a sable brush. â€Å"Here, dear, let's try some of this blush to bring up those cheekbones. It's called American Rust, it emulates the color of a 63 Rambler that has been driven on salted roads. Very winter.† Jody leaned on the counter to allow Maurice access to her cheeks. A half hour later she looked in the mirror, rotated now to the non-magnified side, and pursed her lips. For the first time she really looked like a vampire. â€Å"I wish we had a camera,† Maurice gushed. â€Å"You are a winter masterpiece.† He handed her a small bag filled with cosmetics. â€Å"That will be three hundred dollars.† Jody paid him. â€Å"Is there somewhere I can change? I'd like to see how I look with my new outfit.† Maurice pointed across the store. â€Å"There's a changing room over there. And don't forget your free gift, dear, the Needless Notions Lotion Collection, a fifty-dollar value.† Maurice held up a plastic faux-Gucci gym bag full of bottles. â€Å"Thanks.† Jody took the bag and sulked off toward the changing room. Halfway across the store she picked up the sound of the dowdy saleswoman from evening wear and turned to see her talking to Maurice. Jody focused and could hear what they were saying over the crowd and Christmas Muzak. â€Å"How did it go?† asked the woman. Maurice grinned. â€Å"She went away looking like a Donner Party Barbie.† The woman and Maurice exchanged a gleeful high five. Bitches, Jody thought.

Kombucha Fungus Essays - Chinese Tea, Mycology, Blended Tea

Kombucha Fungus Essays - Chinese Tea, Mycology, Blended Tea Kombucha fungus This article from the World Wide Web is about the Kombucha fungus, what some call the miracle mushroom. This widely hyped ailment-for-anything are also known as Manchurian mushrooms and Indo- Japanese tea fungus. There is so much information about Kombucha that when I did a web search on it over 100 web sites were devoted to this strange fungus I had never heard of. I decided to look further as see what all this hype is about. Kombucha is a yeast culture supposedly possessing an natural antibiotic effect and an extreme amount of glucuronic acid, a liver detoxifier that flushes poisons out of the body. How does this all happen? First the Kombucha yeast (It is not officially a mushroom) is ground up and most commonly taken into the body in the liquid form of tea. This tea is supposed to taste somewhat like the famous Japanese green tea. If it ferments for a long time the tea tastes like a hot apple cider with a hint of vinegar. The main reason people drink this tea is not for the taste, but for the relief of endless physical ailments. Besides Kombucha?s antibiotic and anti-toxin effects, some of the other aspects of well being it helps are: acting as a laxative, relieves pains of arthritis, helps with digestion, relieves stomach cramps and bronchitis, regulates appetite, clears acne, relieves headaches, strengthens hair and nails, stops diarrhea, improves eyesight, and most of all "vitalizes" the physical body. Think that list was long? Those are just a few things on the list that this miracle fungus can help with. Could all this be true? For some reasons the United States hasn?t done scientific or clinical studies on Kombucha. However, many other countries throughout the world including Russia, Germany, and Sweden, have been doing studies on this miracle tea for nearly 100 years and have found medical benefits within the Manchurian yeast. Perhaps there is no way to be sure if all this is true, and since there have been no negative effects of drinking Kombucha tea, I would recommend to try some yourself and find out.

A Beginners Guide to the French Revolution

A Beginner's Guide to the French Revolution Between 1789 and 1802, France was wracked by a revolution which radically changed the government, administration, military, and culture of the nation as well as plunging Europe into a series of wars. France went from a largely feudal state under an absolutist monarch through the French Revolution to a republic which executed the king and then to an empire under Napoleon Bonaparte. Not only were centuries of law, tradition, and practice wiped away by a revolution few people had been able to predict going this far, but warfare spread the revolution across Europe, changing the continent permanently. Key People King Louis XVI: King of France when the revolution began in 1789, he was executed in 1792.Emmanuel Sieyà ¨s: Deputy who helped radicalize the third estate and instigated the coup which brought the consuls to power.Jean-Paul Marat: Popular journalist who advocated extreme measures against traitors and hoarders. Assassinated in 1793.Maximilien Robespierre: Lawyer who went from advocating an end to the death penalty to the architect of the Terror. Executed in 1794.Napoleon Bonaparte: French general whose rise to power brought the revolution to an end. Dates Although historians are agreed that the French Revolution started in 1789, they are divided on the end date. A few histories stop in 1795 with the creation of the Directory, some stop in 1799 with the creation of the Consulate, while many more stop in 1802, when Napoleon Bonaparte became Consul for Life, or 1804 when he became Emperor. A rare few continue to the restoration of the monarchy in 1814. In Brief A medium-term financial crisis, caused partly by Frances decisive involvement in the American Revolutionary War, led to the French crown first calling an Assembly of Notables and then, in 1789, a meeting called the Estates General in order to gain assent for new tax laws. The Enlightenment had affected the views of middle-class French society to the point where they demanded involvement in government and the financial crisis gave them a way in to get it. The Estates General was composed of three Estates: the clergy, the nobility, and the rest of France, but there were arguments over how fair this was: the Third Estate was far larger than the other two but only had a third of the vote. Debate ensued, with a call for the Third getting a bigger say. This Third Estate, informed by long term doubts over the constitution of France and the development of a new social order of bourgeoisie, declared itself a National Assembly and decreed the suspension of taxation, taking French sovereignty i nto its own hands. After a power struggle which saw the National Assembly take the Tennis Court Oath not to disband, the king gave in and the Assembly began reforming France, scrapping the old system and drawing up a new constitution with a Legislative Assembly. This continued the reforms but it created divisions in France by legislating against the church and declaring war on nations which supported the French king. In 1792, a second revolution  took place, as Jacobins and sansculottes forced the Assembly to replace itself with a National Convention which abolished the monarchy, declared France a republic and in 1793, executed the king. As the Revolutionary Wars went against France, as regions angry at attacks on the church and conscription rebelled and as the revolution became increasingly radicalized, the National Convention created a Committee of Public Safety to run France in 1793. After a struggle between political factions called the Girondins and the Montagnards was won by the latter, an era of bloody measures called The Terror began, when over 16,000 people were guillotined. In 1794, the revolution again changed, this time turning against the Terror and its architect Robespierre. The Terrorists were removed in a coup and a new constitution was drawn up which created, in 1795, a new legislative system run by a Directory of five men. This remained in power thanks to rigging elections and purging the assemblies before being replaced, thanks to the army and a general called Napoleon Bonaparte, by a new constitution in 1799 which created three consuls to rule France. Bonaparte was the first consul and, while the reform of France continued, Bonaparte managed to bring the revolutionary wars to a close and have himself declared consul for life. In 1804 he crowned himself Emperor of France; the revolution was over, the empire had begun. Consequences There is universal agreement that the political and administrative face of France was wholly altered: a republic based around elected- mainly bourgeois- deputies replaced a monarchy supported by nobles while the many and varied feudal systems were replaced by new, usually elected institutions which were applied universally across France. The culture was also affected, at least in the short term, with the revolution permeating every creative endeavor. However, there is still debate over whether the revolution permanently changed the social structures of France or whether they were only altered in the short term. Europe was also changed. The revolutionaries of 1792 began a war which extended through the Imperial period and forced nations to marshal their resources to a greater extent than ever before. Some areas, like Belgium and Switzerland, became client states of France with reforms similar to those of the revolution. National identities also began coalescing like never before. The many and fast developing ideologies of the revolution were also spread across Europe, helped by French being the continental elite’s dominant language. The French Revolution has often been called the start of the modern world, and while this is an exaggeration- many of the supposed revolutionary developments had precursors- it was an epochal event that permanently changed the European mindset. Patriotism, devotion to the state instead of the monarch, mass warfare, all became solidified in the modern mind.

How To Use the Spanish Preposition A

How To Use the Spanish Preposition A The Spanish preposition a is often thought of as the equivalent of to - but in fact it has far more uses. A can also be the equivalent of on, at, from, by or in, among others. And in many cases it is not translated at all. Rather than learning how to use the Spanish a by its translation, it is probably best to learn the purposes for which a is used. The following list doesnt cover all its uses, but it does show the uses you are most likely to come across at the beginning stages of learning Spanish. Where a is translated, the translation is indicated in boldface. Using A To Indicate Motion or Location Almost any verb indicating motion, and even nouns, can be followed by a before a destination. It can also be used with some other verbs to indicate where the verbs action takes place. Llegamos a Argentina. (We arrived in Argentina.)Se acercà ³ a la casa. (He approached the house.)Cayà ³ al piso. (It fell to the floor.)Ofrecemos servicios especializados para facilitar su visita a Disneyland. (We offer specialized services to facility your visit to Disneyland.)Esa es la puerta al baà ±o. (That is the door to the bathroom. Al is a contraction of a el, usually meaning to the.)Me siento a la mesa. (I am sitting at the table.) Using A Before an Infinitive A is often used to connect a verb with an infinitive that follows. This use is especially common when indicating the start of an action. In these cases, a is not translated separately from the infinitive. Empezà ³ a salir. (She began to leave.)Entrà ³ a hablar contigo. (He came in to talk to you.)Él se negà ³ a nadar. (He refused to swim.)He venido a estudiar. (I have come to study.)Comenzà ³ a bailar. (She began to dance.) The most common usage following this patter is using ir a infinitive to form the a type of future tense  known as the periphrastic future. Si no jugamos bien no vamos a ganar. (If we dont play well we arent going to win.)Voy  a  cantar.  (I am going to sing.)Tenemos que aceptar que tal vez no nos vayan a entender. (We have to accept that sometimes they arent going to understand us.) Using A To Indicate Manner or Method Numerous expressions begin with a followed by a noun to indicate how something is done. The phrase starting with a functions as an adverb and is sometimes translated as one. Vamos a pie. (We are going on foot.)Hay que fijarlo a mano. (It is necessary to fix it by hand. Note that a mano also could have been translated as manually, an adverb.)Estoy a dieta. (I am on a diet.)Escribo a lpiz. (I am writing with a pencil.)Andan a ciegas. (They are walking blindly.)Llegamos a tiempo. (We are arriving on time.)La internet evoluciona a cada instante. (The Internet is changing constantly.)Lee el libro a escondidas. (She is studying the book covertly.) Introducing an Object With A Before a direct object, a is used before name or noun that represents a person in a usage known as the personal a. The preposition in these cases usually is not translated. A can also introduce an indirect object. Conozco a Pedro. (I know Peter. In this and the next two examples, the name functions as a direct object.)Encontrà © a Fido. (I found Fido.)Verà © a Marà ­a. (I will see Mary.)Le doy una camisa a Jorge. (I am giving a shirt to George. In this and the next three examples, George is an indirect object. Note how the translation of a varies with the verb.)Le compro una camisa a Jorge. (I am buying a shirt for George.)Le robo una camisa a Jorge. (I am taking a shirt from George.)Le pongo la camisa a Jorge. (I am putting the shirt on George.) Using A in Time Expressions A is sometimes used in specifying times or days. Salimos a las cuatro. (We are leaving at four.)A la una de la noche escuchamos maullar. (At 1 in the morning we heard meowing.)Estamos a lunes. (Today is Monday. Literally, we are at Monday.)

Land Economics and Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Land Economics and Planning - Essay Example Firms complete a great deal of market analysis before searching for a suitable location. In addition, firms compile detailed information regarding the cost of product. They know whether electricity cost is more important then freight cost or labor price. Prepared with a list of "must haves" based on this information, the firm's site consultant or representative begins the quest for the firm's ideal location. You can be assured that, like the shopper looking for a pair of shoes, individuals seeking a site for their firms are not about to change the selection criteria because they had a great dinner at your local restaurant. That is why developing a site is so competitive and requires a great deal of preparation by community leaders. It didn't work for our shoe clerk to offer to dye the shoes the right color, and it won't work for a community when it offers to change the terrain of its local industrial site. Instead, a community needs to spend time long before that first visit by a fir m's site-selection team seeking answers to the details regarding the site the community wishes to promote. The more a community considers site-selection criteria before it selects or develops a particular site for promotion, the lower the likelihood becomes that local leaders will need to explain why they spent so many public dollars on a site that is drawing no interest. Most communities in the UK can claim to have sites available for business development. Under closer inspection, these sites are usually either undeveloped open spaces (often agricultural lands) at the edge of the community or former industrial lands within the community. Both of these share a common problem: Businesses cannot occupy them without substantial infrastructure improvements.Sites that have been previously used for industry or other activities are called brownfield sites. Most are in central city areas and are often surrounded by mixed land uses such as residential, commercial, or public (schools and hospitals, for example). Usually brownfield sites were occupied by industrial complexes. Since older industries used multistory facilities, these sites are often on small parcels of land. Modern factories are laid out horizontally (using one story) to facilitate assembly lines and flow of products. Older sites carry the risk of environmental contamination, especially since the y were most likely operated during a period of less stringent environmental regulations. Environmental contamination can be costly to clean up. Finally, older sites may still contain the buildings or other structures from the previous land use. These will either need to be demolished or refurbished (this often includes such actions as bringing the structure up to current fire, building and disability codes as well as other standards). To minimize their costs and risks, businesses will usually locate on sites that require minimum investments in infrastructure and other improvements. This usually eliminates the unprepared sites. Hence, communities that want to have successful business sites must have developed a plan for creating a prepared site. Site development is utilized to create marketable, prepared business sites. 1.1 Requirements for a Prepared Site It is important to realize that for a site to be effective, it must satisfy the needs of a particular business. The site is constructed to improve the quality of life of a community, but it still must be a viable site to attract business. As we stressed above, a

Reflective practice journal of Mental health Article

Reflective practice journal of Mental health - Article Example But what was disturbing to me was that any child should have to have coping strategies – the parents were either ill with bi-polar, schizophrenia or even alcoholism. Reading the comments like â€Å"Sometimes my mom’s up, sometimes my mom’s down, sometimes she’s normal. I’m always nervous† (1140) are really disturbing. But comments like this in Mordoch and Hall’s study are just a tiny representation of what children have to go through as a result of the government’s initiatives to move caring for the mentally ill in the community rather than in an institution. The lecture notes show the process of how the government went from providing full care for people diagnosed as having a mental health issue, to the now virtually non-existent level of services available. If we combine that with an overworked GP service, the cost and lack of accessibility so many people face with even trying to get some form of help, and the shambles as government decided to try and get most mentally ill patients into some form of work by denying them any financial help and it would seem that the government has totally forgotten that there are more people involved than just those diagnosed with an illness – there are family considerations that should be taken into account as well. Sawyer has completed an extensive literature review on the topic of mental health practices and the challenges of finding a system that works for everyone. Through a review of published articles she isolated what I think is the most important thing that has been ignored by government to date – â€Å"Methods too come under scrutiny here to critique the assumptions behind service evaluation and the way that statistics might blinker our view of the broad social causes of mental illness† (116). Some of those broader social issues could include the number of children who are going to need treatment themselves as adults because of the coping mechanisms they have had to adapt while

Aviation psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Aviation psychology - Essay Example is successful tends to manage all of its employees from the bottom to the top and it stays conscious of the various values that are inherent in its activities. One of the most fundamentals aspects of airline management is that of building confidence and skills among employees and this is done to ensure that they become more productive. The building of confidence is conducted in a manner which works towards making employees getting over their past failures and giving them the ability to face whatever future tasks that they are given without the fear of failure. The latter has been found to be among the main reasons behind the low levels of performance in a variety of tasks within the industry (Desai, Roberts & Ciavarelli, 2006). The confidence building process is conducted from the time immediately after employees are recruited and since many of these individuals tend to come directly either from high school or college, they often bring with them many feelings of defeat in a variety of ways. For example, there are times when new recruits might come to the airline with the burden of having experienced past failures in exams, or fresh from em barrassing adolescent experiences which might have hurt their confidence (Nemeth, Wears, Patel, Rosen & Cook, 2011). In this instance, the management of the airline takes the responsibility of ensuring that these individuals are convinced that they can be winners if only they can believe in themselves and work with the airline to ensure that they develop their confidence. In addition to confidence building initiatives, these employees are also given the opportunity to develop their skills in diverse sectors of the company and this is done through taking advantage of more experienced employees who often provide guidance for the newer recruits (Iani & Wickens, 2007). The skills are developed in a manner which provides these individuals with the means of handling diverse matters while at the same time showing them how to conduct

Legal and Ethical Issues Confronting the Education of English Language Essay

Legal and Ethical Issues Confronting the Education of English Language Learners (ELLs) - Essay Example Lastly, the use pedagogical method to teach the ELLs in mastering the English Language has also been debated. Most schools meet the needs of ELLs in several ways without breaking the law. For example, the state requires the ELLs to excel on all state exams before the school year of 2013/14. In addition, most schools ensure there is integration of the ELLs into the accountability system of the law and other annual progress goals like other learners (Bustamante 2007). Furthermore, schools ensure that the ELLs participate in all state assessment systems. Integration into the state assessment systems is effected promptly by all schools to incorporate the ELLs into learning. There are two tests offered by schools to assist the ELLs in learning, namely English Proficiency tests and academic content tests. In the English Proficiency test, the school evaluates the improvement of the ELL in understanding

Provide an outline of the various selection methods that are Essay

Provide an outline of the various selection methods that are available. From this discuss their accuracy as selection tools, which are most popular and why - Essay Example Selection methods should be reliable and applicable. Here are different types of recruitment selection methods, along with a brief description of their efficacy as recruitment tools. Competency-Based Interview: This selection tool has a very comprehensive structure. McLaughlin (in Dayan et al 2008, pg.102) stated that the competency-based interview has a certain degree of rigidity that makes it very precise in matching the applicants skill sets with the prerequisites of the job. Ellen OMahony, Financial Directions manager, stated that the competency interview is definite when it comes to determining the adequacy of the qualifications appropriate for a specific post. A competency is depicted as the knowledge and skills essential to perform a job; however, individual attributes and attitudes do add up thus making attitudes a critical part of what needs to be assessed. Detailed job analysis is the foundation of a competency interview, leading to a list of job requirements (Dayan et al 2008, pg.102). Traditional personality tests: These tests are direct to the point, gauging the personality and preferences of the individual. For example, it measures whether the applicant is introverted or extroverted; authoritative or collaborative; a leader or a team player; touchy-feely or cold and so on. These tests help assess key personality traits of the person. To look for consistency, questions are asked repetitively (Taylor 2009, p.35). The Hogan Development Survey (HDS) is traditional personality test. It is a personality questionnaire that measures deeply rooted and potentially self-destructive predispositions that can be manifested by a person under stress. This questionnaire is extensively used in the UK and internationally across an array of sectors, including financial services, construction, government, IT, airlines, shipping and retail. The HDS emphasizes 11 proven characteristics

Legal and Ethical Issues Confronting the Education of English Language Essay

Legal and Ethical Issues Confronting the Education of English Language Learners (ELLs) - Essay Example Lastly, the use pedagogical method to teach the ELLs in mastering the English Language has also been debated. Most schools meet the needs of ELLs in several ways without breaking the law. For example, the state requires the ELLs to excel on all state exams before the school year of 2013/14. In addition, most schools ensure there is integration of the ELLs into the accountability system of the law and other annual progress goals like other learners (Bustamante 2007). Furthermore, schools ensure that the ELLs participate in all state assessment systems. Integration into the state assessment systems is effected promptly by all schools to incorporate the ELLs into learning. There are two tests offered by schools to assist the ELLs in learning, namely English Proficiency tests and academic content tests. In the English Proficiency test, the school evaluates the improvement of the ELL in understanding

Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 27

Essay Example He had to come out a winner in this losing streak. Even if it meant that he would have to take his life. He killed himself. His insurance money will pay his debt and leave some for his wife. The anger and animosity between him and his son, Biff, will cease. As for his job, he will be redeemed and his value to the company will be seen when his clients and co-workers, by the hundreds, will attend his funeral. For Willy, he has finally won. For him, after his death, the tomorrow will be different: for him, his fame will reach greater heights for at his funeral hundreds will come to pay their respects; and, for those he will be leaving behind a more secure future with the money that the insurance company will pay his family. Miller excellently drove his point to the audience that there is no American Dream. Willy’s desire for fame and fortune is seen in the people he epitomizes, Dave Singleman who died a salesman and how hundreds of people came to his funeral (p 81); and, Ben his brother who went into the â€Å"jungle† at 17 years old and came out very rich at the age of 21 (p.52). He wanted desperately to be like them. He always wanted to keep on hearing the stories of these people told over and over and over again (p.49). Miller attacked Willy’s dream in several ways. First, was at work when the son of the owner of the company refused to acknowledge Willy’s importance to the company. He even changed Willy’s work status from a salaried man to a per commission basis one (p.57). Gone was Willy’s fame. Willy’s reaction was one of denial. He instead focused his mind to remembering the past and telling himself that he will eventually be recognized for his 30year service to the company (p.14). Miller used symbolism to depict that Willy despite his denial knew the futility of continuing to work. This symbolism is of the car that keeps â€Å"going off onto the shoulder† of the road. Willy tried

Literature review Essay Example for Free

Literature review Essay According to (Light, Pillerner, 1984), systematic literature review is also useful for it provides literature review needed in the scientific world. Systematic reviews follow a predetermined set of guidelines while being conducted and produces results that are fair. Unbiased reports are of great scientific value for they become the rationale for scientific studies. Through the results, hypotheses that do not have supporting evidence are eliminated and the ones which are based on evidence used for scientific studies. Thus systematic literature reviews define strengths and limits of available researches that are used in the science world. Among the many advantages of systematic literature review is that, unlike ordinary research that provides conclusions and suggests recommendations to a particular study or question, systematic literature review does not limit researchers, practitioners, clinicians, health care managers among other users of systematic review findings. Mulrow (2008) states that systematic literature review leaves room for the findings to be challenged. For instance, if researchers do not agree with a particular study that has been appraised through systematic literature review; room is provided for parties who do not agreeing with the research findings to build their own reviews. The transparent way through which systematic literature review is conducted provides the building blocks through which it can be challenged. In addition, the process of conducting a systematic literature review is less tiring as compared to the primary studies which use data collected from the field. Systematic literature reviews uses the already processed and documented primary data and therefore is less tedious. Power and precision is accorded to systematic reviews through their use of quantitative methodologies in data analysis. When compared with other traditional research literatures, systematic reviews have an advantage over them for they are able to justify their evidence and conclusions qualitatively and also quantitatively. Thomas, Harden et al, (2004) acknowledges that the use of Meta – analysis in systematic reviews gives them a greater command when it comes to evidence over traditional literature reviews that only relies on qualitative evidence. In addition, the combination of qualitative and quantitative methodologies ensures that the results are of greater precision. Systematic literature reviews uses a methodology that does not have room for biasness. The results obtained through systematic literature reviews are valid and can be reproduced when the same procedure is used. Mulrow, (2008) emphasizes that systematic reviews are transparent and researches widely on the available data making policy makers, clinicians, nurses among other users to widely rely on systematic literature reviews. The reviews also provide information that is clear and defined depending on the question or the study under review. Last but not least of the advantages of systematic literature review is the use of quantitative methods in literature reviews. The combination of both qualitative and quantitative methods of evaluating existing data contributes to the accuracy of results accorded to systematic literature reviews. Systematic literature review is far from perfect and many professionals argue as to the practicability of the evidence produced through systematic literature reviews. They argue that systematic literature reviews are reviews done by a group of researchers who think that by conducting the review, they have already solved a problem. According to Mulrow, (2008) to most professionals, a systematic literature review only signifies the beginning of a finding and not a way for solving a problem. For instance, while systematic literature reviews makes use of existing researches to make the reviews, the existing research evidence may have been conducted in relation to a particular group of people, area or particular settings. Then, though the systematic review conclusions will be drawn, questions arise as to how systematic literature reviews that may have used research findings that were only meant for a particular group of people or area should be generalized to other regions or people. They raise a problem of generalizing and disseminating quality and clear information to consumers and thereby undermining one of the most important reasons as to why systematic literature reviews should be done.

The Development Of The Mobile Phone English Language Essay

The Development Of The Mobile Phone English Language Essay A mobile phone is a portable electronic device for communication purposes; it offers the user to carry mobile any where the mobile has network coverage. [1] The development of mobile phone is huge in technology and usage. Mobile phone have made the whole communication comes into our hand and helps user for easy use. There are many firms involved in production of mobile phones, some of the important producers are Nokia, Motorola, Samsung, Blackberry and etc., the following headings discuss about the mobile phone origin, evolution and future of the mobile phone. Origin of Mobile Phone: As of much of last century radio telephony was used what we now refer as mobile phone or cell phone. The first mobile phone was invented in 1973, even though the concept of the cellular networks where understood in 1940s. [1] Telephone a dream invention of human has been easily taken off by the mobile phone. Mobile gives us free to carry anywhere but the landline telephones lacks. Mobile is a modern communication device which can be used for calling a person on other end, SMS, Video calling, browsing and many more applications. Earlier mobile phones will be big and cant be carried in packet and at the same time it wont offers many applications, so a development or improvement of mobile phone is highly needed. And the development came in a very quick time. Mobile Phone Evolution: The first mobile phone was very heavy and too big to carry, but the mobiles have a good growth that they have been now very small and they are up to feather touch. Mobile phone evolution has been very quick because of need of users, mobile development have been very much influenced by their manufactures. The major production of mobiles has been shared between Nokia, Samsung, Motorola, blackberry, apple and etc. The competition between these manufactures makes the mobile phone technology to grow very higher, so mobiles with advanced technology evolved; they were user friendly with many options and applications. More the advanced in mobile technology more they increase in numbers. Due to its mobility, mobile usage has been increasing very much day by day. In next ten years or so the usage of mobile phones will be unavoidable and every individual in the world tries having one for them. Evolution[5] Development of Mobile phone: This can be viewed as mobile generations. There are three generations namely 1G, 2G and 3G. The first generation mobiles are analogue one, second are digital and the third generation mobiles gives us multimedia communication. ITU refers IMT 2000 as definition of 3G. The advanced researechof IMT being studied by ITU which is known as fourth generation. [2] Half the worlds 6.5 billion people now use a mobile (up from Two billion just two years ago).[3] The growth of the mobile also depends on the softwares used in it, at present there are many OS are being employed for development of mobile. A statistics showing the market share of softwares. Symbian OS had a 46.6% share of the smart mobile devices shipped in third quarter of 2008, with Apple having 17.3% (through iPhone OS), RIM having 15.3% and Microsoft having 13.5% (through Windows CE and Windows Mobile) Other competitors include Palm OS, Qualcomms BREW, Google Android, SavaJe, Linux and MontaVista Software. [4] The usage of mobile increased in early 2000, because of decrease in rates of mobile and offers from the network providers and various attracting models Mobile phone usages: At the initial stage mobiles were used only for communication purposes, but later they were improved to provide some applications like games calculator. Further on they were enhanced to support internet (browsing) and many applications which are implemented using internet. Mobile phone along with calling purposes they also used for sending the text messages which is a easier and trustful way of sending messages. SMS is also cheap when compared to calling charges, the below graph shows the SMS usage worldwide from January 2000 to may 2002. Even SMS have played an role among young customers to buy mobiles and so increase in mobile usage. SMS Usage world wide Future mobile phone: Ever since from the invention of the mobile phone, development was very massive. Taking that into consideration the future of mobiles will be a tremendous one. I believe future of the mobile phone can be viewed in two ways i.e. technology and increase in no of users. Already numbers of users of mobile are in millions; in next ten years nearly every individual in developed and developing countries will have mobile phones. [6] Modern mobile phone [7] In the technology side development of mobile will be unimagined, because at present mobiles are changing to touch and GPRS phones. The development will be that the mobile phones can turn into minicomputer with enhanced options and I personally believe instead of touching or pressing buttons in mobiles can be developed wholly to usage of voice signals ie., the mobile can be operated with the help of users voice. So mobile will be more effective and more easy to use. Mobile phone now exits will go through a huge change in the next ten years, they will be advanced with many applications to support. In short mobile be replacing landline phones computers and be a more sophisticated smart phone. I think mobile phone will help the future even to control the satellite and will even help them to gather information about any thing in short we can we can gather information about pin to car. Conclusion: It is clearly evident from our real life that mobile phone is turning into our basic needs, so life without mobile will be hard to imagine. Even its development in the future is also unimaginable; mobile phone will turn into a electronic device that helps a man live his/her everyday life. In future I think according to my research we can control any thing from mobile from car to computer. Bibilograpy: [1] A. Gow, Richard K. Smith Mobile and Wireless Communications: an introduction chapter 3: going mobile [2] International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT) Cellular and Broadband Access for the 21st Century Michael H Callendar C.Eng. M.I.E.E (Past Chairman of ITU-R Task Group 8/1) [3] Daniel Miller, mobile phones and developments Department of Anthropology, University College London, 14 Taviton Street, London WC1H 0BW, UK September 2007 [4] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbian_OS#cite_ref-4 [5] http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mobile_phone_evolution.jpg [6] Jon Agar, Constant Touch: A Brief History of the Mobile Phone [7] http://business2press.com/img/lg-winmo-65-gm730.png

Bop Music in the 1950s Essay -- Music

The Bop Beat The bebop revolution coincided with the birth of the Beat Generation. In a slightly unbalanced relationship, Beat writers often molded their poetics and style after the playing of such jazz music. "Jazz writers," such as Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg, upheld their poetic ideals to the techniques of jazz musicians, such as rhythm, improvisation, and call and response. The structure of creative writing underwent a change, as the importance of form equaled that of theme. Swing, the predecessor of bop, was big, sweet, and hot. The performers were big bands, fronted by a charismatic bandleader, yet the success of a piece depended mostly on the unity of the ensemble as a whole, rather than on the showcasing of prodigious individuals. The requisite instrument was the saxophone, which was often smooth and mellifluous. Songs were old favorites, or simple jazz standards, that had been arranged to suit a large ensemble. Swing bands played in large venues, such as ballrooms, and to large audiences, who seized the opportunity to not just tap their toes, but to "jump, jive, and wail." The swing era became the most popular form of jazz, as it catered to audiences as a form of social and interactive entertainment. So, bop can be seen as a reaction to the eventual sterilization and ubiquity of swing music. The first bop records were made by in 1944 by Coleman Hawkins experimenting with his swing band. Several individuals were instrumental in the propagation of this new form, such as Charlie "Bird" Parker (alto sax), Dizzy Gillespie (trumpet), Thelonious Monk (piano), Bud Powell (piano), Miles Davis (trumpet), and Charles Mingus (bass). The standard ensemble became a quintet, consisting of piano, bass, drums, reed instrument... ...ndiana University Press, 1991. Ginsberg, Allen. Howl and other poems. San Francisco: City Lights Books, 1997. _____________. Composed on the Tongue. Bolinas, Cal: Grey Fox Press, 1980. Jones, Morley. Jazz. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1980. Kerouac, Jack. Book of Blues. New York: Penguin Books, 1995. ___________. On the Road. New York: Penguin Books, 1975. ___________. "The Essentials of Spontaneous Prose." Casebook on the Beat. Thomas Parkinson, ed. New York: Thomas Y. Cromwell Company, 1961. 65-67. Podhoretz, Norman. "The Know-Nothing Bohemians." Casebook on the Beat. Thomas Parkinson, ed. New York: Thomas Y. Cromwell Company, 1961. 204. Tallman, Warren. "Kerouac's Sound." Casebook on the Beat. Thomas Parkinson, ed. New York: Thomas Y. Cromwell Company, 1961. 220-221. Waters, Kristen. "Pandering to Publishers." Sequel. Vol. 10 (1998): 61.

Freedom Of Speech In Cyber World Essay

1. a. The effect of social networking has caused us something good and bad at same time. We can create healthy relationships through it and it is true to all that there is always a negative feedback behind everything that exists yet I think we can still reduce the incident of cyberbullying by implementing law against it. We can also educate the young regarding with what is moral posting and straitening their attitude towards social networking. b. yes, it will. In this cyber world all the impossibilities becomes possible like in interacting people even we do not see them face-to-face that will lead us to greater fairness and overcome differences which there are countries who still suffering from racial discrimination. It also shows that people of today are just contented to interact through online or even sometimes prefer not to meet a certain person face-to-face and there are certain scenarios like in staying in a hotel, dinner in a restaurant with family or friends and going to bars in which people prefer to stay places with wireless fidelity and spending a lot of time interacting in social media than communicating person to person. It loses the ability to engage concretely with others. c. I think there is still same impact in digital media regarding to the context of face-to-face communication virtues since we can still be more open, honest and patience in relating or interacting in cyber world. This proves that there is negotiation in online businesses that becomes successful and there are some people found their true love and made it true to life marriage. 2. a. in posting as statuses in social media such as in facebook every minute and sometimes with immoral content, tagging automatically to unnecessary photos or videos and even sending spam messages. These are the common things that I encounter in social media and considered it as problems. I feel that it is acceptable to post anytime in social media but statuses should be filter as we post it for anyone can see it. Posting negative statuses might influence to anyone who reads it and can cause also discouragement. I think it is also acceptable if you tag your friends in a photo or video if they are included or maybe if they ask you to tag as you post it into the public. Sending messages also to your friends or even not-so-close friends are acceptable but if you send spam messages which is an act of disrespect to a person, then it will become unacceptable. b. copy-paste a material from the internet for my assignment  is acceptable for it is also common scenario today but all along c laiming anything that is not my own work is unacceptable. Since everything under the sun today is researchable in the Internet, if I can find something that answers my assignment and revise it as much as possible. To me it is acceptable to copy-paste as long as you put the source in it if you can’t revise the words used. Claiming something in internet that is not yours is like snatching ideas which is unacceptable for me. c. post as status, blog or negatively about your school is acceptable if you’re in private forum and as long as it does not ruin your school’s reputation. If you are ask to post something negative about your school from an authorize person who needs your feedback, then it is acceptable. Not all negative posts are unhealthy for it sometimes correct or improve the school but if it is in public which anyone sees it, then it is not acceptable. Post as status, blog or negatively about your classmate is acceptable if and only if it is just between the two of you or you are in a private forum or keeping it only by yourself. It is acceptable since it also a form of correcting someone and as long as it does not ruin your classmate’s reputation. I think it is acceptable to bad mouth your professor on your facebook/twitter as long as you keep it private for nowadays posting how we feel for your professor is also another way of expressing to comfort ourselves even if it is morally wrong. e. it is acceptable to bad mouth your parents or siblings on your facebook/twitter as long as you keep it private so that no one can see it. Sometimes we just wanted let our emotions flow and feel that we are comfortable after posting. Since it become a channel for us to express our emotions nowadays though it is morally wrong. f. it is acceptable to post your selfie photos every now and then as a form of expression is acceptable as long as your photos reflect with morality and pleasing. Moreover, posting photos nowadays is common and it is unavoidable.

Impact of Advertising on the Youth

Positive Effects Of Advertisement On Kids †¢Advertising makes the kids aware of the new products available in the market. It increases their knowledge about the latest innovations, in the field of technology as well as otherwise. †¢Convincing ads, which center around healthy food products, can help improve the diet of a child, if they are attractive enough. Negative Effects Of Advertisement On Kids †¢Advertisements encourage the children to persuade their parents to purchase the products shown in the commercials, whether useful or not.The little ones tend to get adamant, if they are not bought the product. †¢Children often tend to misinterpret the messages conveyed in commercials. They overlook the positive side and concentrate more on the negatives. †¢Many advertisements in the present times include dangerous stunts, which can be performed only by experts. Even though the commercials broadcast the statutory warnings with the ad, the kids often try to imitate the stunts at home, with fatal results. †¢The flashy advertisements broadcast in television generate impulse shopping in children. Children, after watching the glitter of commercials, often lose the ability to live a life without materialistic joy. †¢The kids usually get more attracted towards the costly branded products, such as jeans and accessories. They disregard the inexpensive, but useful, ones that are not shown in the commercials. †¢Advertisements have an indirect effect on the behavior of children. They might develop temper tantrums, when deprived of the latest toys and clothes that are shown in the commercials. †¢The personal preferences in clothing, toys, food and luxurious of children are altered by the advertisements, to a great extent. Junk foods, such as pizzas, burgers and soft drinks, are heavily promoted during children's TV viewing time. This develops a craving for fatty, sugary and fast foods in kids, thereby affecting their health adversely. Positive Effects of Advertisements on Kids 1) Advertising makes the kids aware of the new products available in the market. It increases their knowledge about the latest innovations, in the field of technology as well as otherwise. 2) Convincing ads, which center around healthy food products, can help improve the diet of a child, if they re attractive enough. Negative Effects Of Advertisement On Kids 1) Advertisements encourage the children to persuade their parents to purchase the products shown in the commercials, whether useful or not. The little ones tend to get adamant, if the product is not bought for them. 2) Children often tend to misinterpret the messages conveyed in commercials. They overlook the positive side and concentrate more on the negatives. 3) Many advertisements in the present times include dangerous stunts, which can be performed only by experts.Even though the commercials broadcast the statutory warnings with the ad, kids often try to imitate the stunts at home , with fatal results. 4) Flashy advertisements broadcast in television generate impulse shopping in children. 5) Children, after watching the glitter of commercials, often lose the ability to live a life without materialistic joy. 6) Kids usually get more attracted towards costly branded products, such as jeans and accessories. They disregard the inexpensive, but useful ones that are not shown in the commercials. ) Advertisements have an indirect effect on the behavior of children. They might develop temper tantrums, when deprived of the latest toys and clothes that are shown in commercials. 8) The personal preferences in clothing, toys, food and luxurious of children are altered by advertisements, to a great extent. 9) Junk foods, such as pizzas, burgers and soft drinks, are heavily promoted during children’s TV viewing time. This develops a craving for fatty, sugary and fast foods in kids, thereby affecting their health adversely.

Doordarshan

International Case Study Conference Case study title-â€Å"Once Upon a Time in Doordarshan† Abstract An Indianpublic service broadcaster, a division of PrasarBharti and once the only and most viewed television channel. However, later it gradually entered the declining phase which is evident from the sharp decline in viewership in homes with Cable and Satellite Television which in 2002 was just at 2. 38% for DD National . It had a modest beginning with the experimental telecast starting in Delhi on 15th of September, 1959 with a small transmitter and a makeshift studio.The regular daily transmission commenced in 1965 as a part of All India Radio. The television service was extended to Mumbai and Amritsar in 1972. Uptill 1975, only seven Indian cities had a television service and Doordarshan remained the sole provider of television in India. Television services were segregated from radio in April 1st 1976. Each office of All India Radio and Doordarshan were placed under the mana gement of two separate Director Generals in New Delhi. Finally, in 1982, Doordarshan as a national broadcaster came into existence. With the onset of private channels in 1991, Doordashan lost its sheen.Despite of the fact that it is backed by government, it can only afford to have incremental changes. Given present-day realities when every government in New Delhi uses Doordarshan as a state medium and its viewers as a incarcerated audience, one can opine that probability of things being changed is highly remote. Today we enjoy numerous channels described as General Entertainment Channels or GECs, but back then Doordarshan was the one-stop shop for news, for entertainment, for sports, for edu-informative shows, for light hearted comedies, for song and dance for everything.Though the entertainment and movie industry had attained astral heights today, but it must be mentioned that the roots and origin of entertainment came from the authentic Doordarshan. Doordarshan is now more than 50 years old and the challenge before it is to adopt the changes that have taken place in the current scenario then what it prevailed when it began its journey. As a public service broadcaster, it needs to ensure that its broadcasting is driven by sincere vision of providing accessible, diverse, independent and high-quality content to citizens.

Business - Does BPR liberate or exploit workers How Assignment

Business - Does BPR liberate or exploit workers How - Assignment Example Champy, have argued that organizations are simply wasting their time by shifting the tasks involved in a process between departments instead of bringing all the tasks under the centralized control of a process control team (12 Manage, 2010) They have argued that the suppliers, distributors and the business partners should be brought under one umbrella in order to execute the process more easily and effectively in quick time. Hammer, a former professor of computer science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), has argued that most of the works done by the organizations are not giving any value to the customers even though the resources were exploited heavily. He argued that the resource utilization must be minimized and the customer value should be increased by organizations as part of the BPR. BPR has shaken the business world in the 90’s and many organizations were started to implement it for raising the effectiveness of their firm. The arrival of BPR has brought lot of controversies also. Critics argued that BPR is misused for exploiting the workers rather than utilizing the resources effectively by organizations. On the other hand proponents argued that BPR liberated workers by making their tasks lot easier. This paper tries to answer the question; Does BPR liberate or exploit workers? How? Muthu et al (1999) has defined BPR as the reengineering of the fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in performances such as cost, quality, service and speed (Muthu et al, 1999, p.1). Organizations are currently looking for cost reduction in all the departments without sacrificing the quality of their products. Increased competition has forced them to improve the speed and service extended to the customers and BPR is one way of achieving the above objectives. BPR involve; Business Process Redesign, Business Transformation, or Business

Management accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Management accounting - Essay Example But, desirability and effectiveness of accounting for organization control is a critical issue because accounting procedures consists of few integrative devices of organizations where business activities are not only drawn together by values but those are integrated in a quantitative manner. So, accounting is most efficient tool of organizational control system where standard qualitative procedures are followed to evaluate qualitative performance of the organizations for management control over the organizations. These facilitates other external stakeholders of the organizations like investors, creditors etc. for their valuable financial decision making which are highly depends on actual performance of the organizations. So, this study analyzes the effectiveness or relevance, desirability, faithfulness or reliability of accounting information for management control over organizations. Introduction Organizations show stable and consistent types of behaviour in interaction with the bus iness environment which is consistently changing. They have wide range of external influences from external business environment but have enough capability to change internally to protect their integrity. This stability and flexibility of organizational internal behaviour and control possess through effective and integrative control mechanism. One of the most important control mechanisms of organizational is internal accounting system. This consists of integrative process of accounting for implementation of accounting information in management control. So, management accounting systems has major importance in organizations as it consists of some integrative mechanisms that are capable for summarizing the qualitative effect of organizational actions or activities in quantitative values. This study review the major functions of accounting information that helps the management in the area of integrative process of organizational control. Efficient accounting provides integrative langua ge for analysing the impact of diverse internal and external influences on organizations that have substantial positive or negative impact on organizational performance. Nature of organizational control with respect to implication accounting information is qualitatively reviewed in this paper to assess the necessary conditions for control. These conditions are derived and applied in management control. Main objective of accounting policy is to produce fair valued accounting information that is highly reliable and relevant to the purpose and objectives of financials statement (WBS, 2012). The extent of desirability and effectiveness of accounting information are analysed with respect to management control and strategic decision making process. Further, scope of faithful or reliable accounting information on organizational control by management is also analysed. Again, measurement process of organizational performance both quantitative and qualitative is analysed with reference to the implication of relevant and reliable accounting information in organizational performance measurement and essential internal reconstruction with respect to change in external business environment. Desirability and Effectiveness of accounting information for organizational control There are two broad purpose of accounting information, external and internal. External purpose includes the investment decision making by the shareholders and potential new investors of an organization, credit

Everything is Miscellaneous Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Everything is Miscellaneous - Essay Example One thing that has gone at stake is the reliability of information. Wikipedia happens to be one of the most frequently and commonly consulted website for gathering information about any kind of subject. However, Wikipedia offers all its users to contribute to the knowledge it stores in its database because of which, it is not believed to be a credible source of information in the academic world. â€Å"Philip Bradley, a librarian and Internet consultant, said in the Guardian that Wikipedia is theoretically â€Å"a lovely idea,† but â€Å"I wouldn’t use it, and I’m not aware of a single librarian who would†Ã¢â‚¬  (Weinberger 132). Wikipedia rests on a miscellaneous system of spread of information. This paper critically analyzes a documentary that can be defined in similar terms. In this documentary (â€Å"Obsession: Radical Islam’s†), Islam is described as a threat to the Western culture. The documentary holds one of the most fundamental tene ts of Islam, called as â€Å"Jihad† as the root cause of terrorism in the world. Jihad is one of the most commonly misunderstood and misinterpreted tenets of Islam in the West. Because of the way it has been portrayed in the media, many people particularly non-Muslims think of Jihad as terrorism. Western media defines Jihad as radical Muslims’ declaration of war over the innocent non-Muslims. To give weight to image it wants to construct of Jihad, the documentary asserts that not only non-Muslims, but also many Muslims are also put to risk as a result of the spread of terrorism with Jihad because they are held accountable by the non-Muslims for the acts of the terrorist agencies. The documentary shows various scenes telecast on the TV channels mostly in Arabia in which Jihad has been defined as integrally associated with the spread of terrorism in the world (Munoz). For instance, a scholar in one of the clips shown in the documentary says that it is not a sin for a Mus lim to assassinate a non-Muslim because the latter is not more important than a cow. It is important to note that to understand Jihad in its true spirit, it is imperative that the history of Islam is read and Jihad is understood in context in which it has been made obligatory upon the followers of Islam. In order to understand the real meaning of Jihad, it must be noticed that most clips included in the documentary show misleading scholars that either are misinformed about the significance of Jihad in Islam or intentionally describe it wrongly so as to create confusions and controversies about Islam. Such scholars are funded by anti-Islamic agencies that want to deter non-Muslims from embracing Islam, considering the fact that Islam is the fastest spreading religion in the world today. The documentary also shares some right concepts about Jihad. This makes it a mix of correct and incorrect descriptions of Jihad. For instance, the documentary tells that Jihad’s literal meaning is â€Å"struggle† which is correct (Fatoohi). â€Å"In Qur'an it is not jihad but values like justice, compassion and forgiveness are more prominent. While these values are permanent and transcendent, war (for which Qur'an uses the word qital, not jihad) is contextual and defensive only when such situation arises† (Ali). Every year, millions of non-Muslims embrace Islam by their own choice rather than by